Chemical & Biological Dynamics

****!!!!**** "ClO2 reacts quickly with the amino acids,Cysteine and Methionine (two Sulphur-containing amino acids), with Tyrosine and Tryptophan (two aromatic amino acids) and with two inorganic ions: Iron (Fe2+) and Manganese (Mn2+).A study into the antiviral effect of chlorine dioxide against Influenza Virus revealed that ClO2performed an oxidative modification of Tyrosine residue and Tryptophan residues in the viral capsid surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase. It also reacts with free fatty acids found within the virus.Additional research on chlorine dioxide’s efficacy towards Poliovirus shows that treatment results in reduced incorporation of Uridine (one of the four base units which comprise RNA). This results in the viral genome being unable to act as template for RNA synthesis therefore resulting in the virus being unable to replicate. Chlorine dioxide is also able to disrupt Sulphurbonding interactions within the viral capsid protein which leads to changes in the virus shape resulting in a loss of pathogenic functionality. In conclusion, the mechanism of Tristel’sproprietary chlorine dioxide chemistryin destroying Coronaviridaeis expected to beacombination of oxidative modification of amino acids and fatty acids, RNA synthesis disruption and viral capsid modification. All of these in combination lead to the lysing (destruction) of the virus."

"Chlorine dioxide foam activating agents (acid solutions combined with surfactants, scale sequestrants, lubricants, detergent salts, and/or corrosion inhibitors)" **********"Sodium Chlorite is related to available chlorine dioxide by the ratio of molecular weights (67.45/90.45). For example: 87.8 ppm NaClO2 = 87.8x (67.45/90.45) ppm ClO2

{References to efficacy studies}

******** "In water, chlorine dioxide is converted to chlorite and chlorate in a 70/15 ratio 4 "

Soaring revenues and profits sent the share price of bug-busting manufacturer Tristel plc almost 11 per cent (42.50p) higher to 437.50p on the UK’s AIM exchange. The company additionally believes that its infection control technology could play a role in the fight against coronavirus. Based near Newmarket, the business hoisted revenues 22 per cent to £14.6 million and profit

Tristel chlorine dioxide product uses

Amid growing panic over coronavirus, most companies are working out how to limit the impact on their bottom line. Tristel is slightly different.

Chlorine dioxide product compared to othr chemicals

Not all biocides present the same efficacy against viruses, with ethanol being poorly efficient and heat as well as sodium hypochlorite presenting limited efficacy depending on conditions tested. In our experiments, tested bio-cides containing peracetic acid presented very good overall virucidal efficacy; however, observed differences in susceptibility of different parvovirus species should be taken into account. Atmos-pheric decontamination with VHP presented good effica-cy against all tested viruses including parvoviruses even in the presence of blood. In general, this type of technol-ogy is used following pre-cleaning, although it has been shown to be very effective even under grossly soiled con-ditions

{Lactic acid can be used in generating Chlorine Dioxide.} Germ-killing composition produced by contacting an acid material, preferably consisting of at least about 15% by weight of lactic acid, with sodium chlorite in aqueous media, the amount of acid being sufficient to *****lower the PH of the aqueous media to less than about 7." including particularly advantageous for use in ultrasonic cleaning devices." "Other authority holds that the ClO2 accelerates the metabolism of a bacterial cell to the detriment of cell growth. Yet other credible authority asserts that the chlorine ion in ClO2 goes through as many as 8 possible oxidation states in passing through a spore wall. As an algaecide, ClO2 destroys the chlorophyll, breaks down the cell until water is lost from the protoplasm, and thereafter completely destroys or oxidizes the cell "

2020. ***!!!!**** {Includes specific reference to Chlorine Dioxide} "We show that antimicrobial treatment can reduce the level of competition and therefore cause a subset of species to bloom. The result is a lower percentage inhibition of these species and increased tolerance. In addition, we show that the presence of competing species can also directly enhance the inherent tolerance of microbes to antimicrobial treatment, either because species protect each other or because they induce specific tolerance phenotypes as a response to competitors (i.e. competition sensing)... The dominance of competitive interactions is central to the enhanced antimicrobial tolerance of the multispecies biofilms and that the activity of antimicrobials against multispecies biofilms cannot be predicted based on their effect against mono-cultures.

"The inhibition of the protein synthesis has been pointed out by Benarde et al. (1967), by using chlorine dioxide, and by Haas and Englebrecht (1980), who used free chlorine. At higher doses, ozone modifies the structure of nucleic acids." "The second type of disinfection mechanism focuses on the effect of chlorine dioxide on physiological functions. Although it has been suggested that the primary mechanism was the disruption of protein synthesis (Benarde et al., 1967), later studies reported that this might not be the primary inactivation mechanism (US EPA, 1999). As mentioned before, a more recent study reported that chlorine dioxide disrupted the permeability of the outer membrane (Aieta and Berg, 1986). ..."

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The bacterial virus f2 was inactivated by chlorine dioxide at acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values. The rate of inactivation increased with increasing pH. Chlorine dioxide disproportionation products, chlorite and chlorate, were not active disinfectants. As chlorine dioxide solutions were degraded under alkaline conditions, they displayed reduced viricidal effectiveness, thereby confirming the chlorine dioxide free radical as the active disinfecting species.

To the best of our knowledge, there was little information available on pathogen removal using low level disinfectant followed by free chlorine in sequential disinfection (SD). This study investigated Escherichia coli inactivation by four types of disinfection: single step disinfection (SSD), SD, tr …

Abstract. Chlorine, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer (Fit powder) were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing v

"contacting the object with chlorine dioxide gas while exposing the object to less than 1000 lux of light"

1981

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1964

Chlorine dioxide reacts with electron-rich moieties of NOM, such as phenols, to form...

**** Very valuable chlorine dioxide studies

"The aim of this review is to provide information, primarily to the food industry, regarding a range of biocides (including chlorine dioxide) effective in eliminating or reducing the presence of coronaviruses from fomites, skin, oral/nasal mucosa, air, and food contact surfaces. As several EPA approved sanitizers against SARS-CoV-2 are commonly used by food processors, these compounds are primarily discussed as much of the industry already has them on site and is familiar with their application and use... This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."

*****!!!!***** {Links to other valuable articles}

****!!!!***!!!!** "This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) inactivation of a Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) in oxidant demand free (ODF) water in detail as a function of disinfectant concentration (0.5-5.0 mg/L), water pH (6.5-8.5), temperature variations (4-37°C) and bacterial density (105-107 cfu/mL). The effects of ClO2 on bacterial cell morphology, outer membrane permeability, cytoplasmic membrane disruption and intracellular enzymatic activity were also studied to elucidate the mechanism of action on the cells. Increasing temperature and disinfectant concentration were proportional to the rate of cell killing, but efficacy was found to be significantly subdued at 0.5 mg/L and less dependent on the bacterial density. The bactericidal efficiency was higher at alkaline pH of 8 or above as compared to neutral and slightly acidic pH of 7 and 6.5 respectively. The disinfection kinetic curves followed a biphasic pattern of rapid inactivation within the initial 2 min which were followed by a tailing even in the presence of residual biocide. The curves were adequately described by the Cavg Hom model. Transmission Electron Microscopy images of the bacteria cells exposed to lethal concentrations of ClO2 indicated very little observable morphological damage to the outer membranes of the cells. ClO2 however was found to increase the permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes leading to the leakage of membrane components such as 260 nm absorbing materials and inhibiting the activity of the intracellular enzyme β-D-galactosidase. It is suggested that the disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane and subsequent efflux of intracellular components result in the inactivation of the Gram-negative bacteria. "