EVALUATING THE COMPATIBILITY OF CHEMICALDISINFECTANTS WITH PLASTIC PIPE MATERIALS USED FOR POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION
Chemical & Biological Dynamics
Loss of chlorine, chloramine or chlorine dioxide concentration following exposure to UV light
"It was confirmed that chemical disinfectants decay when samples are exposed to UV light. Specifically, for deionized water free chlorine was lowered to approximately 95% of initial concentration following UV treatment. In contrast, free chlorine was decreased to 89% and 84%, on average, in the tested groundwater and surface water, respectively. A similar range in decreased disinfectant concentration was also observed for chlorine dioxide and chloramines. However, no significant absorption of UV irradiation by chemical disinfectants was observed."
WO2010002974A1 - Uv-based production of chlorine dioxide from chlorate or chlorite - Google Patents
Chlorate including sodium chlorate is used to produce chlorine dioxide gas upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Chlorine dioxide gas can be used to disinfect, bleach and for a variety of industrial and commercial purposes. A Teflon®-coated UV lamp is optionally used to irradiate a solution of chlorate.
water treatment - the oxidants and disinfectants - Degremont®
{includes unique info on Chlorine Dioxide byproducts, etc}
Photodecomposition of Chlorine Dioxide and Sodium Chlorite in Aqueous Solution by Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Evaluation of chlorine dioxide based product as a hatchery sanitizer - ScienceDirect
The application rate of chlorine dioxide based product evaluated in this study was not an effective antimicrobial alternative to formaldehyde for sanitizing hatching eggs in hatcher cabinets prior to hatch.
Aging Mechanism of Polyethylene Pipe Material in Chlorine Dioxide and Hypochlorite Solution
PDF | SHORT SUMMARY (One paragraph, ~6 sentences) Accelerated aging experiments by the immersion of a commercial polyethylene (PE) pipe grade in 10 ppm... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Disinfection of Poultry Chiller Water with Chlorine Dioxide: Consumption and Byproduct Formation | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Chlorine dioxide is effective in controlling the natural flora occurring in poultry chiller water (PCW). However, it is not approved for use as a disinfectant because of the lack of information pertinent to its human health risks. In PCW, most added chlorine dioxide was rapidly reduced to chlorite and chlorate. The formation of chlorite was dependent on both chlorine dioxide dose and treatment time. The chlorine dioxide demand by PCW, the consumption at a given treatment time, was found to be independent of treatment dose. When used at the demand level, half of the added chlorine dioxide was reduced to a mixture of chlorite (90%) and chlorate (10%). On the basis of the acceptable daily intake of chlorite, 0.075 mg/kg, disinfecting PCW at the level of chlorine dioxide demand, 0.30 mM (20 mg/L), is not only effective but also has a low health risk from the standpoint of chlorite and chlorate contamination.
Experience With Chlorine Dioxide in Brussels: Generation of Chlorine Dioxide - Masschelein - 1984 - Journal AWWA - Wiley Online Library
The yield of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is influenced by chemical conditions (e.g., initial chlorine concentration, alkalinity) and by reactor design (e.g., detention time, method for mixing chemicals)....
Application of Diluted Chlorine Dioxide to Radish and Lettuce Nurseries Insignificantly Reduced Plant Development
1995
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection in the Use of Individual Water Purification Devices ~Military/gov-related
****{Summary of specific characteristics***a 35 mg/L chlorine dioxide solution stored in a high-density Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) container for 45 days resulted in a 3% loss.. In contrast, the same study stored chlorine dioxide in a clear glass container for 31 days which resulted in a 12% gain, possibly due to continuing formation of chlorine dioxide from chlorite. Another study showed a 6.2% overall gain in chlorine dioxide concentration after 252 days of storage in a PETE container... Chlorite and chlorate show no disinfection capabilities and may cause adverse health effects in children... CTs required for a 2-log virus inactivation were 13 – 20 times higher at a pH of approximately 6 compared to a pH of 9 and 10... two to three-fold increase in inactivation rates per 10° C water temperature increase... bentonite appeared to offer protection or shield the viruses from chlorine dioxide... disinfection capability decreases in more turbid waters since microorganisms are protected by solid particles in water, protected by aggregation or clumping, and protected by loss of chlorine dioxide residual from oxidation of organic matter... Chlorine dioxide should easily achieve a 6-log *bacteria* inactivation at low temperatures and low pHs if chlorine dioxide is used for disinfection of more resistant viruses and cysts." "Colder water temperatures require higher CT values. Use a two-fold increase in CT for every 10° C decrease. Use longer contact time instead of higher dosages to achieve higher CT values. "
How does Chlorine Dioxide Compare as an Oxidizer? – ReThink BioClean
"As an oxidizer chlorine dioxide is very selective. It has this ability due to unique one-electron exchange mechanisms.
Chlorine dioxide Wiki
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2. This yellowish-green gas crystallizes as bright orange crystals at −59 °C. As one of several oxides of chlorine, it is a potent and useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment and in bleaching.
Chlorine Dioxide [especially Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide] overview - Lenntech
*****"[Note: Some statements about corrosion, reaction with phenols, Cl also released during some specific reactions, etc may have some inaccuracies] Like ozone and chlorine, chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and not a metabolic toxin. This means that chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms by disruption of the transport of nutrients across the cell wall, not by disruption of a metabolic process." "Unlike chlorine, Chlorine dioxide is effective at pH between 4 and 10. No dumping and filling with fresh water required;" "Chlorine dioxide can be used as a spray. All parts therefore, can easily be reached;" In scrubbers: "In scrubbers, Usually, a very low chlorine dioxide residual, around 0.2-ppm, is sufficient to ensure odour control." {includes effects on specific foods when rinsed}
What is the equivalent weight of citric acid? - Quora
"equivalent weight = molecular weight/ basicity
Citric acid could be anyhydrous as well as monohydrous, and so the molecular weight varies accordingly.
anhydrous : C6H8O7 = 192.12 mg/mol
hydrous: C6H8O7.H2O = 210 mg/mol
also, cirtic acid is a weak acid and doesn't oxidize completely when added to a base; it donates only a few (about 3) protons (H+). This is the basicity of the acid.
Therefore, equivalent weight of citric acid= 210/3= 70 (when it is monohydrous)
or 192.12/3=64.4 ( when it is anyhydrous)"
Preparing Solutions from Technical Dry Product using Metric units ~OxyChem
"The following conversions will enable you to blend a 25% sodium chlorite solution from Technical Sodium Chlorite (dry) product."
Sodium Chlorite 25% - Angola Chemicals
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OxyChem Sodium Chlorite handbook ~OxyChem
{ists references to all Gov regulatory info sources re. SC and CD}{includes % & ingredients of tech-grade and various other SC products} "Sodium chlorite is available in both dry and liquid forms. The dry forms contain approximately 80% Sodium chlorite and the solutions range from 7.5% to 40% sodium chlorite."
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Fourth Edition - chloride-chlorate-fs-new.pdf
" it is normal practice to supply water with a chlorine dioxide residual of a few tenths of a milligram per litre to act as a preservative during distribution" "The taste and odour threshold for this compound is 0.4 mg/l."
How sodium chlorite is made - material, production process, manufacture, making, history, used, processing, composition
****{Components of Sodium Chlorite} "Other materials are typically added to sodium chlorite powders or solutions before they are sold. Commercial sodium chlorite bleaching solutions contain special ingredients including anticorrosive agents, buffering agents, chlorine dioxide fume controllers, and surfactants. Anticorrosive agents are used to prevent the corrosion of stainless steel bleaching equipment. Buffer salts help liberate the chlorine dioxide that is produced during the bleaching process. Surfactants help stabilize solutions and allow for cleaning and penetration effects. Stabilized sodium chlorite solution can be stored for long periods without loss of activity. When the sodium chlorite is sold as a solid, sodium chloride is often included to make it safer to handle and store."
Twin-Oxide Chlorine Dioxide 2 Part Powder for 10l Solution
Create a 0.3% Chlorine Dioxide solution with Twin-Oxide two part powder system and treat up to 60,000l of potable water at up to 2ppm
PURATE Chemistry--Chlorine Dioxide | Ecolab
High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Control in Commercial Poultry Operations ~APHIS, USDA
Includes CD op. "APHIS uses antimicrobial products registered by EPA for use against influenza A viruses, and also uses the sterilant, chlorine dioxide, for disinfection of premises." "Chlorine dioxide, a frequently used gaseous sterilant for clean-up following an HPAI outbreak is a powerful oxidizer and unstable in light (HHS, 2004). Therefore, it is not expected to significantly impact air quality. When using chlorine dioxide and other disinfectants, label instructions should be followed to ensure proper use of the chemical and to minimize impacts to the environment"
Comparative antibacterial activities of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water and other chlorine-based sanitizers
There is increasing demand for safe and effective sanitizers for irrigation water disinfection to prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens to fresh produce. Here we compared the efficacy of pH-neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), sodium hypochlorite ...
Chlorine Dioxide - RAPID-OX
{Includes several links to CoronavirusCD.org}
ClorDiSys Contamination Control Blog: Biological Indicators: Testing a Cycle's Success
ClorDiSys Solutions Inc blog about contamination control and biodecontamination.
Chlorine Dioxide, Uses around the home, Earth Friendly alternative to many cleaners ~Keavys Corner LLC
CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR HOUSEHOLD USES
What is Chlorine Dioxide - Synergistic Sanitizing Solutions -1st Place Science Disinfectant
Combination treatment of chlorine dioxide gas and aerosolized sanitizer for inactivating foodborne pathogens on spinach leaves and tomatoes - ScienceDirect
As treatment time increased, most combinations of ClO2 gas and aerosolized PAA showed additive effects in the inactivation of the three pathogens.
Active vs Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide ~Frontier Pharmaceutical
Frontier Pharmaceutical is a pioneer in the development of active chlorine dioxide for topical use using their proprietary DioxiCare®system.