Chemical & Biological Dynamics

{Mentions active CD amts in Oxine} "It is clear from the results that *inactivated* ClO2 has no measurable sporidical properties."

**Derived from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7403125/

***Tailing occurs even at constant ClO2 concentrations. The cause for tailing is the deposition of an adduct onto the virus capsid over the course of the experiment, which protects the viruses. This adduct could easily be removed by washing, which restored the susceptibility of the viruses to ClO2. This finding highlights an important ***shortcoming of ClO2, namely its self-limiting effect on virus disinfection***. It is important to take this effect into account in treatment applications to ensure that the water is sufficiently disinfected before human consumption.

1982

The emergence of waterborne viruses with resistance to disinfection has been demonstrated in the laboratory and in the environment. Yet, the implications of such resistance for virus control remain obscure. In this study we investigate if viruses with ...

{Includes CD} Oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions are very important in drinking water. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measurements reflect the redox state of water. Redox measurements are not widely made by drinking water utilities in part because they are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of oxidant type and concentration on the ORP of carbonate buffered water as a function of pH. Oxidants that were studied included: chlorine, monochloramine, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. ORP decreased with increasing pH, regardless of the ox...

Provided are apparatuses and methods for making chlorine dioxide on demand by converting a chlorine dioxide generating solution into chlorine dioxide by exposure to UV light.

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Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2002, S. Dobson and others published Chlorine dioxide (Gas) | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

The Science Behind the Formula Anti Bacterial Effectiveness General Detergent Cresol, Phenol Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) Ethanol (Alcohol) Virus Protect+ (Chlorine Dioxide) 99.99%

An aqueous stabilised chlorine dioxide solution for use as a universal biocide. The stabilized solution preferably, but not necessarily, includes: (A) an effective stabilising amount of ClO 2 − ions; (B) an effective biocidal amount of ClO 2 ; (C) an acidulator sufficient to release ClO 2 , in a safe manner, and (D) an amount of water qs. The solution may, but not necessarily, have a molar ratio of components (A):(B) that is from 20:1 to 1:20.

(2017). Chlorine dioxide oxidation of Escherichia coli in water – A study of the disinfection kinetics and mechanism. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Vol. 52, No. 7, pp. 598-606.

Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures ...

****"the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics."

This paper investigated the encapsulation complex (EC) of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in α-cyclodextrin. The encapsulation process was evaluated with vary…

There is significant evidence that, in living systems, free radicals and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play a double role, because they can cause oxidative damage and tissue dysfunction and serve as molecular signals activating stress responses that are beneficial to the organism. Mitochondria have been thought to both play a major role in tissue oxidative damage and dysfunction and provide protection against excessive tissue dysfunction through several mechanisms, including stimulation of opening of permeability transition pores. Until recently, the functional significance of ROS sources different from mitochondria has received lesser attention. However, the most recent data, besides confirming the mitochondrial role in tissue oxidative stress and protection, show interplay between mitochondria and other ROS cellular sources, so that activation of one can lead to activation of other sources. Thus, it is currently accepted that in various conditions all cellular sources of ROS provide significant contribution to processes that oxidatively damage tissues and assure their survival, through mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis.

Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides, showed high resistance to antibiotics. It is one of the major causes of infection persistence especially in nosocomial settings through indwelling devices. Quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating the biofilm formation. There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs.

Decontamination of Bacillus spores adhered to common drinking water infrastructure surfaces was evaluated using a variety of disinfectants. Corroded iron and cement-mortar lined iron represented the infrastructure surfaces, and were conditioned in a 23 ...

Stabilized, unstabilized. Potato, potahto. It’s all the same stuff, right? Sure, until you can’t figure out why your pool is growing algae and smells like it...