Abstract Since December 2019 the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has produced an outbreak of pulmonary disease which has soon became a global pandemic, known as COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus shares about 82% of its genome with the one which produced the 2003 outbreak (SARS CoV-1). Both coronaviruses also share the same cellular receptor, which is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) one. In spite of these similarities, the new coronavirus has expanded more widely, more faster and more lethally than the previous one. Many researchers across the disciplines have used diverse modeling tools to analyze the impact of this pandemic at global and local scales. This includes a wide range of approaches–deterministic, data-driven, stochastic, agent-based, and their combinations–to forecast the progression of the epidemic as well as the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions to stop or mitigate its impact on the world population. The physical complexities of modern society need to be captured by these models. This includes the many ways of social contacts–(multiplex) social contact networks, (multilayers) transport systems, metapopulations, etc.–that may act as a framework for the virus propagation. But modeling not only plays a fundamental role in analyzing and forecasting epidemiological variables. It plays an important role in helping to find cures for the disease and in preventing contagion by means of new vaccines. The necessity for answering swiftly and effectively to the questions: Could existing drugs work against SARS CoV-2? and Can new vaccines be developed in time?demands the use of physical modeling of proteins, protein-inhibitors interactions, virtual screening of drugs against virus targets, predicting immunogenicity of small peptides, modeling vaccinomics and vaccine design, to mention just a few. Here, we review these three main areas of modeling research against SARS CoV-2 and COVID-19: (1) epidemiology; (2) drug repurposing; and (3) vaccine design. Therefore, we compile the most relevant existing literature about modeling strategies against the virus to help modelers to navigate this fast-growing literature. We also keep an eye on future outbreaks, where the modelers can find the most relevant strategies used in an emergence situation as the current one to help in fighting future pandemics.

Abstract Background and aim As a result of its rapid spread in various countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, WHO issued an announcement of the change in coronavirus disease 2019 status from epidemic to pandemic disease. The virus that causes this disease is indicated originating from animals traded in a live animal market in Wuhan, China. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 can attack lung cells because there are many conserved receptor entries, namely Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2. The presence of this virus in host cells will initiate various protective responses leading to pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This review aimed to provide an overview related to this virus and examine the body's responses and possible therapies. Method We searched PubMed databases for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Full texts were retrieved, analyzed and developed into an easy-to-understand review. Results We provide a complete review related to structure, origin, and how the body responds to this virus infection and explain the possibility of an immune system over-reaction or cytokine storm. We also include an explanation of how this virus creates modes of avoidance to evade immune system attacks. We further explain the therapeutic approaches that can be taken in the treatment and prevention of this viral infection. Conclusion In summary, based on the structural and immune-evasion system of coronavirus, we suggest several approaches to treat the disease.

{Includes Usefulness of biomaterial coatings with antiviral properties}

2020 paper **discusses potential for using CD for disinfection in air in occupied areas**

New measures include everything from fogging cabins with disinfectant to eliminating hot towel service.

Bacteria grow logarithmically/ exponentially, therefore a logarithmic reduction measurement is needed.. Logarithmic reduction is pervasive in the cleaning and disinfection literature, but many do not appreciate what it actually describes. The EPA guidelines on disinfection state that a greater than or equal to 6-fold logarithmic (≥6log) reduction in less than 10 minutes is needed to claim disinfection. When a hospital is evaluating disinfecting technologies it

Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature.

Correspondence from The New England Journal of Medicine — Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1

Inhaled treatments may help.

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global ...

Read our latest blog to learn about the latest biosafety level recommendations from the CDC concerning the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Finding drugs that treat the COVID-19 coronavirus may be just as important as developing a vaccine. But it's much harder to create effective antivirals than antibiotics.

Biocides are heavily used in the healthcare environment, mainly for the disinfection of surfaces, water, equipment, and antisepsis, but also for the sterilization of medical devices and preservation of pharmaceutical and medicinal products. The number ...

This study documents results of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment surrounding 3 COVID-19 patients in isolation rooms in a Singapore hospital.

Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources) is the leading source for reagents, tools and information for studying NIAID's Category A, B, and C priority pathogens and emerging infectious disease agents.

(2020) "we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."

I'm going to take you through some of my thought process when I see a debate. I like to use knowledge and information to resolve debates, but that's not the only way to resolve a debate... there are...

The HPN editorial team is dedicated to ongoing news reporting of COVID-19. Check back daily for the latest stories and subscribe to our daily newsletter.

Researchers behind the non-peer-reviewed paper ran antibody tests on samples from hospital workers who were exposed to patients at early stage of outbreak – only 4 per cent had them, but at least 25 per cent could have been infected.

Spain's large-scale study on the coronavirus indicates just 5% of its population has developed antibodies, strengthening evidence that a so-called herd immunity to Covid-19 is "unachievable," the medical journal the Lancet reported on Monday.

India's confirmed cases are going up rapidly, but it's not all bad news.

An infectious disease expert says he caught the coronavirus through his eyes on a flight to New Orleans that was “packed in like sardines,” according to a report Thursday. Dr. Joseph Fair — a virol…

People with no COVID-19 symptoms may be spreading the disease — but big questions remain about how much they are driving the pandemic.