The SARS-Cov-2 pandemic that currently affects the entire world has been shown to be especially dangerous in the elderly (≥65 years) and in smokers, with notably strong comorbidity in patients already suffering from chronic diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, ob …

A nationwide survey by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests that risk factors for foodborne disease, such as inadequate handwashing by workers and keeping food at unsafe temperatures, are very common in the nation's restaurants, retail stores, and institutional food services.

****!!!!**** "an important role of SOD3 in protecting against the cytokine storm"

****!!!!*** "Previously, we demonstrated that Rhizopus, the most common cause of mucormycosis, invades endothelial cells by binding of its CotH proteins to the host receptor GRP78. ..."

The inflammasome as a multiprotein complex has a role in activating ASC and caspase-1 resulting in activating IL-1β in various infections and diseases like corona virus infection in various tissues. It was shown that these tissues are affected by COVID-19 patients. According to the current evidence, melatonin is not veridical while possessing a high safety profile, however, it possesses indirect anti-viral actions owing to its anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immune improving properties. This study aims to assess the impacts of melatonin as the complementary treatments on oxidative stress agents and inflammasome activation in patients with COVID-19. Melatonin supplement (9 mg daily, orally) was provided for the patients hospitalized with a COVID-19 analysis for 14 days. For measuring IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokines and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and the expression of CASP1 and ASC genes, blood samples were gathered from the individuals at the start and termination of the therapy. Our findings indicated that melatonin is used as a complementary treatment to reduce the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines, MDA, and NO levels in COVID-19 patients and significantly increase SOD level, however, the levels of IL-10 cytokine possesses no considerable changes. The findings revealed that genes of CASP1 and ASC were dysregulated by melatonin regulating the inflammasome complex. Based on the findings of the current study, it is found that melatonin can be effective as a medicinal supplement in decreasing the inflammasome multiprotein complex and oxidative stress along with beneficial impacts on lung cytokine storm of COVID-19 patients.

**** {Effects of Prilosec/omeprazole} "the pH of normal gastric acid is generally between 1.5 and 3.5. The SARS-CoV-1 virus is inactivated at a pH  12.0 [5]. Assuming these inactivation levels are similar for SARS-CoV-2, gastric acid will not inhibit all the viruses in the stomach (and some viruses will be hidden in food boluses). However, the inhibition that does occur may be enough to decrease the viral load entering the small intestine. In many older adults, the gastric acid pH is higher than normal, either because of atrophic gastritis or because of antacid and acid-reducing medications. One oral dose of a proton pump inhibitor raises the gastric acid pH from 2.0 to over 6.0, which will not inhibit the virus" "abdominal pain was associated with a near fourfold increased odds of severe disease," "many intubated patients are given acid-reducing drugs and gastrointestinal feeding may be continuous rather than intermittent. Such factors could result in a gastric pH of around 4.0 or 5.0. This would not inactivate these viruses, which might then pass into the small intestine where the relevant ACE2 receptors are abundant."

"Via activation of NFKB, ROS may activate viral replication, but oxidants are believed to contribute also to the loss of CD4 T cells by apoptosis. Antioxidants, together with agents interfering with the harmful effects of cytokines and lipid mediators, may have a role in the treatment of viral diseases" "enhanced ROS production during the course of influenza infection in mice. Analysis of major antioxidants (α-tocopherol, ascorbate and glutathione) revealed no changes in the redox status, but the overall concentrations of these antioxidants decreased during the course of influenza."

"Reactive species (RS), generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are produced during regular metabolism in the host and are required for many cellular processes such as cytokine transcription, immunomodulation, ion transport, and apoptosis. Intriguingly, both RNS and ROS are commonly triggered by the pathogenic viruses and are famous for their dual roles in the clearance of viruses and pathological implications. Uncontrolled production of reactive species results in oxidative stress and causes damage in proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. In this review, we describe the production of RS, their detoxification by a cellular antioxidant system, and how these RS damage the proteins, lipids, and DNA." "Innate immune cells are activated in all the viral infections, causing the production of ROS and prooxidant cytokines and enhancing the iron uptake of a mononuclear phagocytic system (reticuloendothelial system) [79]. Viruses enhance the production of oxidants such as superoxide and NO and prevent the synthesis of CAT, SOD, and GPx resulting in the disruption of the redox balance." "During viral infections, production of ROS is increased from the granulocytes and macrophages and exerts antimicrobial action against many pathogens [6]. Failure to ROS production leads to many opportunistic pathogens including Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Aspergillus spp. [80–83]. The direct antimicrobial action includes oxidation of DNA, protein, and lipid peroxidation [84]. Upon viral infection, ROS triggers a different pathway to kill or spread viral infections, including autophagy [85], apoptosis [86], and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin [87]. Moreover, ROS also interfere with the antigen presentation by innate immune cells, T cell polarization, and adaptive immune responses [84]. At the same time, research also supports the immunosuppressive effects of ROS which may also facilitate the viral infection and evolution" "Administration of antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, glutathione, resveratrol, ambroxol, isoquercetin, and quercetin decreases the pathological effects caused by the influenza virus"

We evaluated an eye-nose goggle to determine its usefulness in reducing nosocomial RSV infection in patients and staff members on our infant ward. During a community outbreak of RSV in 1984, infection was assessed by biweekly routine viral cultures on all ward personnel and patients and also by...

Vitamin D generates many extraskeletal effects due to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which is present in most tissues throughout the body. The possible role of vitamin D in infections is implied from its impact on the innate and adaptive immune responses. ...

We demonstrated that during colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae the nasal mucosal tissues of mice support two populations of pneumococci. Transparent-phase pneumococci can be readily washed from the outer surface, while a second population composed ...

{Explanation of dynamics in lungs}

1995. We evaluated antisepsis, disinfection, and sterilization procedures at 22 hospitals in the state of Yucatan, Mexico, which provide services for approximately 80% of the population. The percentage of hospitals that followed standard recommendations for diverse antisepsis procedures were as follows: s …

{*Excellent data on pathogens, & on disinfectant efficacy at various concentrations}

{Susceptibility of some dried pathogens to various disinfectants differs if rehydrated first} It is believed that surface-dried viruses can remain infectious and may therefore pose a threat to public health. To help address this issue, we studied 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1% hypochlorite for their capacity to inactivate surface-dried lipid-enveloped (LE) [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine vi …

{Similar effectiveness against enveloped viruses, but very different against non-enveloped} Eight commonly used chemical disinfectants and physical treatments (UV irradiation and heating) were applied to both enveloped RNA viruses (Sendai virus, canine distemper virus) and unenveloped RNA viruses (Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, reo virus type 3) to inactivate infectious virus pa …