COVID-19 & other Diseases

****!!!!*** "Chlorine Dioxide caused great variability in the inactivation kinetics between viruses and was the only treatment that did not induce genome damage... ClO2 rapidly degraded the capsid proteins of all three viruses. Protein composition alone could not explain the observed degradation trends; instead, molecular dynamics simulations indicated that degradation is dictated by the solvent-accessible surface area of individual amino acids. Finally, despite the similarities of the three viruses investigated, *****their mode of inactivation by a single disinfectant varied. This explains why closely related viruses can exhibit drastically different inactivation kinetics."

2012. by Norio Ogata. Airborne influenza virus infection of mice can be prevented by gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This study demonstrated that ClO2 abolished the function of the haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus (H1N1) in a concentration-, time- and temperature-dependent manner. The IC50 during a 2 min reaction with ClO2 at 25 °C was 13.7 µM, and the half-life time of HA with 100 µM ClO2 at 25 °C was 19.5 s. Peptides generated from a tryptic digest of ClO2-treated virus were analysed by mass spectrometry. An HA fragment, 150NLLWLTGK157 was identified in which the tryptophan residue (W153) was 32 mass ...

************** by Norio Ogata

Nosocomial lower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Many studies have investigated the management and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), but few have focused on the role of ventilator-associat …

Trusted source for the latest science on SARS-CoV-2 & COVID-19

While remdesivir has garnered much hope for its moderate anti-Covid-19 effects, its parent nucleoside, GS-441524, has been overlooked. Pharmacokinetic analysis of remdesivir evidences premature serum hydrolysis to GS-441524; GS-441524 is the predominant metabolite reaching the lungs. With its synthetic simplicity and in vivo efficacy in the veterinary setting, we contend that GS-441524 is superior to remdesivir for Covid-19 treatment.

{Explanation of dynamics in lungs}

The 'bradykinin hypothesis': Biologist discovers what leads to the devastating effects of COVID-19 — and the potential fix.

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers is a privately held, fully integrated media company known for establishing authoritative peer-reviewed journals in the most promising areas of biotechnology and regenerative medicine, biomedical research, clinical medicine and surgery, technology and engineering, law, integrative medicine, public health, and environmental studies.

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{Note: Minks are theorized to be susceptible to coronavirus because of having ACE2.}

CDC provides credible COVID-19 health information to the U.S.

**** {Studies currently in progress}

"Mice are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are, therefore, not suitable as research models" "SARS-CoV-2 can persist differently according to the surface, from hours to days (SARS-CoV-2 viability varies from hours to days depending on the surface), but infection only occurs when touching mucus membranes after contact with these contaminated surfaces. SARS-CoV-2 can also persist in air droplets for an uncertain period of time that could be longer if the virus is attached to pollution particles. Wastewater and tap water could act as SARS-CoV-2 propagation tools since positive samples of SARS-CoV-2 have been found in water samples in different countries worldwide." "All SARS viruses could be inactivated within 30 min at 20 °C with more than 0.5 mg/L residual free chlorine or 2.19 mg/L residual chlorine dioxide remaining"

Table ranks microorganisms in order of susceptibility to the various levels of disinfectants. Includes some Chlorine Dioxide info

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Clinical features that drive SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in human…

This study documents results of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment surrounding 3 COVID-19 patients in isolation rooms in a Singapore hospital.

The rapid spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 continues to spark alarm worldwide. Countries around the world are grappling with surges in confirmed cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Calls for preventive measures such as social distancing and ...

**SARS-CoV {NOT SARS-CoV-2} showed inactivation with chlorine (10 mg/L for 10 min –free residue chlorine of 0.4 mg/L) and chlorine dioxide (40 mg/L for 30 min –free residue chlorine of 2.19 mg/L

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Harvard Chan School experts offer comments and context about the coronavirus in a variety of media outlets.

ABSTRACT World Health Organization has suggested that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through person-to-person transmission and contact with contaminated surfaces. However, rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suggests other routes such as airborne transmission may be involved. A few research studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential transmission of this virus through air. Although some studies have found no evidence of airborne transmission, other more recent work is proving the presence of SARS-CoV-2 even in public places. Also, the past experiences and knowledge about the mechanisms of similar viruses such as SARS-CoV support this hypothesis. It seems that the best decision at the moment is to follow a conservative approach, and accept the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is able to be transmitted through air. By this, control measures could be employed to prevent further COVID-19 infection.

Lack of human data on influenza virus aerosol shedding fuels debate over the importance of airborne transmission. We provide overwhelming evidence that humans generate infectious aerosols and quantitative data to improve mathematical models of transmission and public health interventions. We show that sneezing is rare and not important for—and that coughing is not required for—influenza virus aerosolization. Our findings, that upper and lower airway infection are independent and that fine-particle exhaled aerosols reflect infection in the lung, opened a pathway for a deeper understanding of the human biology of influenza infection and transmission. Our observation of an association between repeated vaccination and increased viral aerosol generation demonstrated the power of our method, but needs confirmation.

Originally, studies on exhaled droplets explored properties of airborne transmission of infectious diseases. More recently, the interest focuses on properties of exhaled droplets as biomarkers, enabled by the development of technical equipment and methods for chemical analysis. Because exhaled droplets contain nonvolatile substances, particles is the physical designation. This review aims to outline the development in the area of exhaled particles, particularly regarding biomarkers and the connection with small airways, i e airways with an internal diameter < 2 mm. Generation mechanisms, sites of origin, number concentrations of exhaled particles and the content of nonvolatile substances are studied. Exhaled particles range in diameter from 0.01 and 1000 μm depending on generation mechanism and site of origin. Airway reopening is one scientifically substantiated particle generation mechanism. During deep expirations, small airways close and the reopening process produces minute particles. When exhaled, these particles have a diameter of < 4 μm. A size discriminating sampling of particles < 4 μm and determination of the size distribution, allows exhaled particle mass to be estimated. The median mass is represented by particles in the size range of 0.7 to 1.0 μm. Half an hour of repeated deep expirations result in samples in the order of nanogram to microgram. The source of these samples is the respiratory tract ling fluid of small airways and consists of lipids and proteins, similarly to surfactant. Early clinical studies of e g chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, reported altered particle formation and particle composition. The physical properties and content of exhaled particles generated by the airway reopening mechanism offers an exciting noninvasive way to obtain samples from the respiratory tract lining fluid of small airways. The biomarker potential is only at the beginning to be explored.

Background: The transmission of respiratory viruses such as influenza and corona viruses from one person to another is still not fully understood. Methods: A literature search showed that there is ...

Abstract Background: Aerosol production during normal breathing is often attributed to turbulence in the respiratory tract. That mechanism is not consistent with a high degree of asymmetry between ...