Budgeting for Environmental Health Services in Healthcare Facilities: A Ten-Step Model for Planning and Costing
Environmental health services (EHS) in healthcare facilities (HCFs) are critical for safe care provision, yet their availability in low- and middle-income countries is low. A poor understanding of costs hinders progress towards adequate provision. Methods ...
Other viruses, bacteria, fungus: The microbial coinfection in COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel β-coronavirus, is the main pathogenic agent of the rapidly spreading pneumonia called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects much more people, especially ...
Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces - PubMed
Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions. In the present study, simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. Ninety percent of …
Viral kinetics and exhaled droplet size affect indoor transmission dynamics of influenza infection - PubMed
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of viral kinetics and exhaled droplet size on indoor transmission dynamics of influenza infection. The target cell-limited model with delayed virus production was adopted to strengthen the inner mechanisms of virus infection on human epithelia …
Aerosol transmission of infectious disease - PubMed
Aerosol transmission reflects a modern understanding of aerosol science and allows physically appropriate explanation and intervention selection for infectious diseases.
Viable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations - PubMed
Viable influenza A virus was detected more often in cough aerosol particles than in exhalation aerosol particles, but the difference was not large. Because individuals breathe much more often than they cough, these results suggest that breathing may generate more airborne infectious material than co …
Viable Influenza A Virus in Airborne Particles from Human Coughs
Patients with influenza release aerosol particles containing the virus into their environment. However, the importance of airborne transmission in the spread of influenza is unclear, in part because of a lack of information about the infectivity of the ...
COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. Modeling the present, looking at the future | Semantic Scholar
Abstract Since December 2019 the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has produced an outbreak of pulmonary disease which has soon became a global pandemic, known as COronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19). The new coronavirus shares about 82% of its genome with the one which produced the 2003 outbreak (SARS CoV-1). Both coronaviruses also share the same cellular receptor, which is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) one. In spite of these similarities, the new coronavirus has expanded more widely, more faster and more lethally than the previous one. Many researchers across the disciplines have used diverse modeling tools to analyze the impact of this pandemic at global and local scales. This includes a wide range of approaches–deterministic, data-driven, stochastic, agent-based, and their combinations–to forecast the progression of the epidemic as well as the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions to stop or mitigate its impact on the world population. The physical complexities of modern society need to be captured by these models. This includes the many ways of social contacts–(multiplex) social contact networks, (multilayers) transport systems, metapopulations, etc.–that may act as a framework for the virus propagation. But modeling not only plays a fundamental role in analyzing and forecasting epidemiological variables. It plays an important role in helping to find cures for the disease and in preventing contagion by means of new vaccines. The necessity for answering swiftly and effectively to the questions: Could existing drugs work against SARS CoV-2? and Can new vaccines be developed in time?demands the use of physical modeling of proteins, protein-inhibitors interactions, virtual screening of drugs against virus targets, predicting immunogenicity of small peptides, modeling vaccinomics and vaccine design, to mention just a few. Here, we review these three main areas of modeling research against SARS CoV-2 and COVID-19: (1) epidemiology; (2) drug repurposing; and (3) vaccine design. Therefore, we compile the most relevant existing literature about modeling strategies against the virus to help modelers to navigate this fast-growing literature. We also keep an eye on future outbreaks, where the modelers can find the most relevant strategies used in an emergence situation as the current one to help in fighting future pandemics.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response | Semantic Scholar
Abstract Background and aim As a result of its rapid spread in various countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, WHO issued an announcement of the change in coronavirus disease 2019 status from epidemic to pandemic disease. The virus that causes this disease is indicated originating from animals traded in a live animal market in Wuhan, China. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 can attack lung cells because there are many conserved receptor entries, namely Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2. The presence of this virus in host cells will initiate various protective responses leading to pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This review aimed to provide an overview related to this virus and examine the body's responses and possible therapies. Method We searched PubMed databases for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Full texts were retrieved, analyzed and developed into an easy-to-understand review. Results We provide a complete review related to structure, origin, and how the body responds to this virus infection and explain the possibility of an immune system over-reaction or cytokine storm. We also include an explanation of how this virus creates modes of avoidance to evade immune system attacks. We further explain the therapeutic approaches that can be taken in the treatment and prevention of this viral infection. Conclusion In summary, based on the structural and immune-evasion system of coronavirus, we suggest several approaches to treat the disease.
Bacteria grow logarithmically/ exponentially, therefore a logarithmic reduction measurement is needed.. Logarithmic reduction is pervasive in the cleaning and disinfection literature, but many do not appreciate what it actually describes. The EPA guidelines on disinfection state that a greater than or equal to 6-fold logarithmic (≥6log) reduction in less than 10 minutes is needed to claim disinfection. When a hospital is evaluating disinfecting technologies it
Aerosol and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 observed in quarantine and isolation care
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019, and its resulting coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The rapid global ...
Why are there so many drugs to kill bacteria, but so few to tackle viruses?
Finding drugs that treat the COVID-19 coronavirus may be just as important as developing a vaccine. But it's much harder to create effective antivirals than antibiotics.
Antimicrobial biocides in the healthcare environment: efficacy, usage, policies, and perceived problems
Biocides are heavily used in the healthcare environment, mainly for the disinfection of surfaces, water, equipment, and antisepsis, but also for the sterilization of medical devices and preservation of pharmaceutical and medicinal products. The number ...
*Free* COVID Strains & Reagents being made available at no cost ~BEI Resources
Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources) is the leading source for reagents, tools and information for studying NIAID's Category A, B, and C priority pathogens and emerging infectious disease agents.
Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses
(2020) "we focused on the effects of alcohols, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, metals, and plant-based antimicrobials. This review highlights the differences in the resistance or susceptibility of different strains of coronaviruses, or similar viruses, to these antimicrobial agents."
Approaches for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections: Go Long or Go Wide? | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
Approaches for Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections: Go Long or Go Wide? - Volume 35 Issue 7 - Edward Septimus, Robert A. Weinstein, Trish M. Perl, Donald A. Goldmann, Deborah S. Yokoe
I'm going to take you through some of my thought process when I see a debate. I like to use knowledge and information to resolve debates, but that's not the only way to resolve a debate... there are...
