Incontinence

The combination of low-dose trospium and solifenacin provides good clinical and urodynamic effects in elderly patients with moderate symptoms of OAB. Combination of these drugs in standard doses for such patients is excessive.

This research is aimed to study the possibility of management of severe symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) with solifenacin and trospium in patients who receive treatment with tamsulosin due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The 338 men more than 50 years old (average age 58.4 years) diagnose …

If you're concerned about neovascular glaucoma, find out everything you need to know about this serious eye condition.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a late-stage complication of diabetes-related eye disease. How to prevent progression to avoid vision loss.

Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG) represent a spectrum of the same disease characterized by excessive pigment liberation throughout the anterior segment of the eye. The classic triad consists of dense trabecular meshwork pigmentation, mid-peripheral iris transillumination defects, and pigment deposition on the posterior surface of the central cornea. Pigment accumulation in the trabecular meshwork reduces aqueous outflow facility and may result in elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP), as seen in pigment dispersion syndrome, or in optic nerve damage associated with visual field loss, as seen in pigmentary glaucoma. Pigmentary glaucoma and PDS occur when pigment is released from the iris pigment epithelium due to rubbing of the posterior iris against the anterior lens zonules. The disease is more prevalent in males, and typically presents in the 3rd-4th decade of life.

Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is a chronic medical condition which has a major influence on the quality of life in a significant amount of the population. OAB affects performance of daily activities and has an estimated prevalence of 16.5%. Many sufferers ...

Aims: We examined the relative efficacy and safety of trospium 20 mg bid and 60 mg extended release formulations and position this drug against other antimuscarinic agents. Methods: Data were ident...

Clinical characteristics of anticholinergic toxicity include anhidrosis, anhidrotic hyperthermia, vasodilation-induced flushing, mydriasis, urinary retention, and neurological symptoms, including delirium, agitation, and hallucinations. The memory aid “red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, hot as a hare, full as a flask’ often serves as means of remembering the common symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity

proven ocular side effects from oral ingestion of these anticholinergics, the prescribing physician should be notified by the managing eye care provider.. patients with decreased hepatic and/or renal function may be at higher risk of overdose or of experiencing side effects than patients with normal hepatic and/or renal function.7 Interestingly, co-administration of medications that can inhibit the P-450 enzymes in the liver responsible for metabolizing a variety of substances and medications can lead to a build-up of toxic by-products of anticholinergic OBS medications.7 Specifically, medications like buproprion, fluoxetine, paroxetine, terbinafine, quinidine, cimetidine, ritonavir, ketoconazole, itraconazole, verapamil, cyclosporine, erythro- mycin, clarithromycin, and fluconazole, and even grapefruit juice, can lead to a faster build- up of toxic levels of OBS anticholinergics.7

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease in the United States, affecting up to 30% of adults. There are two forms of NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), defined as 5% or greater hepatic steatosis without hepatocellular injury or fibrosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), defined as 5% or greater hepatic steatosis plus hepatocellular injury and inflammation, with or without fibrosis. Individuals with obesity are at highest risk of NAFLD. Other established risk factors include metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although NAFLD is common and typically asymptomatic, screening is not currently recommended, even in high-risk patients. NAFLD should be suspected in patients with elevated liver enzymes or hepatic steatosis on abdominal imaging that are found incidentally. Once other causes, such as excessive alcohol use and hepatotoxic medications, are excluded in these patients, risk scores or elastography tests can be used to identify those who are likely to have fibrosis that will progress to cirrhosis. Liver biopsy should be considered for patients at increased risk of fibrosis and when other liver disorders cannot be excluded with noninvasive tests. Weight loss through diet and exercise is the primary treatment for NAFLD. Other treatments, such as bariatric surgery, vitamin E supplements, and pharmacologic therapy with thiazolidinediones or glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, have shown potential benefit; however, data are limited, and these therapies are not considered routine treatments. NAFL typically follows an indolent course, whereas patients with NASH are at higher risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and end-stage liver disease. (Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(10):603–612. Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Family Physicians.)

Dehydration does cause the serum creatinine to rise and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) will, accordingly, fall. The degree of change is generally proportional to the degree of

This MNT Knowledge Center article looks at the causes of nocturia, which causes frequent urination at night. It is often confused with overactive bladder but there are important differences. Learn about how to prevent nocturia and get a good night's sleep, as well as how to spot the difference between nocturia and OAB.

A look at treatment options and trade-offs If you are like many of the 14 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), you’ve probably be...

Tiny amounts of proteins like albumin can be found in your urine, but albumin levels above a certain threshold are a sign that your kidneys aren't working properly. Learn more.

The pH of urine varies greatly depending on a person’s diet and any medical conditions they may have. In this article, we discuss the normal pH range for urine, and what abnormal test results might mean.

A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. Cloudy urine often is a result of precipitated phosphate crystals in alkaline urine, but pyuria also can be the cause. A strong odor may be the result of a concentrated specimen rather than a urinary tract infection. Dipstick urinalysis is convenient, but false-positive and false-negative results can occur. Specific gravity provides a reliable assessment of the patient's hydration status. Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. Glomerular, renal, and urologic causes of microhematuria often can be differentiated by other elements of the urinalysis. Although transient proteinuria typically is a benign condition, persistent proteinuria requires further work-up. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections diagnosed by positive leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests can be treated without culture.

Nuts and seeds come in many varieties. Although most nuts and seeds have a high oil content, they provide “good fats” such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

Several health conditions can cause high creatinine levels. However, treating the underlying cause should return creatinine levels to normal. Learn more.

A serum albumin test measures the levels of albumin in the blood. It is done to check for liver disease if other symptoms like unexpected weight loss are present. The test is safe overall while low albumin levels may indicate an underlying health problem. Treatment may be needed if levels are outside the normal range.

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High albumin is medically known as hyperalbuminemia, and it means an excess or high concentration of albumin in the blood. The serum albumin concentration is typically 35-50 g / L (3.5-5.0 g / dl).

One of the most common reasons your doctor might call you for an abnormal blood test result is high creatinine levels. This usually reflects an impaired kidney function — but not always. Some medications falsely elevate creatinine and may cause you to think you have kidney disease when you don’t.

Creatinine test — Overview covers definition, preparation, results of this common blood test.

Each kidney has one million basic small filters called “nephrons.” Each nephron keeps important substances in the body while filtering out waste into urine. When the doctor or nurse says “estimated glomerular filtration rate” (eGFR) it’s a number that means how well your kidneys are filtering out wastes.