Incontinence

The pH of urine varies greatly depending on a person’s diet and any medical conditions they may have. In this article, we discuss the normal pH range for urine, and what abnormal test results might mean.

A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. Cloudy urine often is a result of precipitated phosphate crystals in alkaline urine, but pyuria also can be the cause. A strong odor may be the result of a concentrated specimen rather than a urinary tract infection. Dipstick urinalysis is convenient, but false-positive and false-negative results can occur. Specific gravity provides a reliable assessment of the patient's hydration status. Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. Glomerular, renal, and urologic causes of microhematuria often can be differentiated by other elements of the urinalysis. Although transient proteinuria typically is a benign condition, persistent proteinuria requires further work-up. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections diagnosed by positive leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests can be treated without culture.

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Several health conditions can cause high creatinine levels. However, treating the underlying cause should return creatinine levels to normal. Learn more.

A serum albumin test measures the levels of albumin in the blood. It is done to check for liver disease if other symptoms like unexpected weight loss are present. The test is safe overall while low albumin levels may indicate an underlying health problem. Treatment may be needed if levels are outside the normal range.

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High albumin is medically known as hyperalbuminemia, and it means an excess or high concentration of albumin in the blood. The serum albumin concentration is typically 35-50 g / L (3.5-5.0 g / dl).

One of the most common reasons your doctor might call you for an abnormal blood test result is high creatinine levels. This usually reflects an impaired kidney function — but not always. Some medications falsely elevate creatinine and may cause you to think you have kidney disease when you don’t.

Creatinine test — Overview covers definition, preparation, results of this common blood test.

Each kidney has one million basic small filters called “nephrons.” Each nephron keeps important substances in the body while filtering out waste into urine. When the doctor or nurse says “estimated glomerular filtration rate” (eGFR) it’s a number that means how well your kidneys are filtering out wastes.

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Acute kidney injury is an episode of sudden kidney damage or failure.

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Exercise and dehydration may be associated with a compromised kidney function and potential signs of kidney injury. However, the kidney responses to exercise of different durations and hypohydration levels are not yet known. Therefore, we aimed to compare ...

Antimuscarinic medications are very successful in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence; however, the success of treatment is not only limited to clinical improvement. Patients do not regard a drug as successful unless it is tolerable, easy to adapt to the daily life and improve the quality of …

These findings imply that increased renal pelvic pressure can contribute to renal parenchymal injury in chronic pelvic upper urinary tract obstruction. Antimuscarinic medications such as tolterodine and trospium chloride exert renoprotective effects, probably by prevention of pelvic pressure increas …

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Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition that has a significant impact on quality of life. The usual treatment approach is both behavioral and pharmacological. The first-line pharmacological treatment commonly utilizes anticholinergic agents, ...

The anticholinergics tolterodine and oxybutynin are well established in the management of overactive bladder. However, their activity at muscarinic receptors distant from the target site (i.e., bladder) produces anticholinergic side effects leading to poor tolerability. In 2004, trospium, solifenacin, and darifenacin were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of overactive bladder. Trospium is water soluble and therefore is less likely to enter the central nervous system, and solifenacin and darifenacin are more selective for the bladder than older agents. Although these attributes could improve tolerability, clinical trials comparing relevant agents to validate this are lacking. Trials have shown that these newer agents decrease the frequency of incontinence episodes, the number of voids per day, and the number and severity of urgency episodes compared with placebo. These agents also have been shown to improve quality of life in women with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence. Head-to-head studies of the newer agents and immediate-release oxybutynin and tolterodine have suggested similar effectiveness across the class, although the newer agents are better tolerated. Trospium and darifenacin have not been compared with extended-release formulations of tolterodine or oxybutynin, which are better tolerated than the immediate-release versions. In one study, solifenacin produced a somewhat greater decrease in the number of incontinence episodes than extended-release tolterodine, with no difference in tolerability. In general, the newer agents appear to be at least as effective as their predecessors, although it is unclear whether they are better tolerated. Important pharmacokinetic differences among the agents (e.g., route of elimination) allow for selection of an appropriate agent based on individual factors such as cost and tolerability.

The muscles and nerves of the urinary system work together to hold and release urine at the right time. Nerves carry messages between the bladder and the spinal cord and brain. The messages tell the muscles of the bladder to either tighten or release. In neurogenic bladder, these nerves don’t work the way they should.

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The effects of oxybutynin, solifenacin and tolterodine on dementia risk in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) remain unknown. We investigated the effects of oxybutynin, solifenacin and tolterodine on dementia risk in patients with DM.We conducted a ...

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The bathroom is the go-to-place for hygienic maintenance as well as relaxing showers and baths. However, this place can also become a dangerous area because of the dangers of slipping and falling. If a bathroom

Background Risperidone has been reported to be effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, aggression, and behavioral disorders. While the metabolic side effect profile of this medication has been broadly studied, studies related to this medication’s bladder effects are relatively rare. We present a case of risperidone-induced enuresis in an adult male with schizophrenia that resolved upon discontinuation of the offending medication. Case presentation We describe a case of a 32-year-old man with a primary psychotic disorder who developed debilitating enuresis secondary to taking risperidone. Enuresis resolved upon switching to Seroquel. Conclusion Enuresis secondary to risperidone is not commonly discussed prior to initiation by the treating psychiatrist however can be debilitating. Discussing this potential side effect is critical to informed decision making on the patient’s part.