*****Poison Control Reports, etc.

{Method for testing levels of chlorine dioxide}

"Chlorine dioxide is generally effective for the deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. It is less effective for the deactivation of rotaviruses and E. coli bacteria." [Note: Some ClO2 products are very economical] "The costs of chlorine dioxide depend upon the price of the chemicals that are used to produce chlorine dioxide."

{Workplace exposure limits, monitoring method, on-site screening techniques, etc}

****!!!!****!!!!** "**Sodium chlorite solutions should never be allowed to dry on fabrics** because this would result in a flammable combination" "The presence of chloride ions is essential for the formation of chlorine dioxide" "No significant amount of chlorine dioxide is formed in acidified chlorate solutions with various reducing agents when chloride has previously been removed from the reaction system by adding silver sulfate." "If chlorine dioxide generators are allowed to stand overnight, minor ClO2 formation consumes all of the chloride present in the reaction mass. When the supply of fresh raw materials is started the next morning, a specific chloride level must build up before chlorine dioxide can be produced at the desired rate" "Independent on the choice of reducing agent, the primary reaction for chlorine dioxide production is the reaction between chloric acid and hydrochloric acid to form chlorine dioxide and chlorine. Traces of Mn2+ and Ag+ ions catalyze the reaction" "In industrial chlorine dioxide production, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, or methanol are used as reducing agents. Other reducing agents are not economical" " solid sodium chlorite forms explosive mixtures with such oxidizable materials as sulfur, powdered coal, metal powders, or organic compounds." "t. At low pH (approximately 2), chlorite solutions contain chlorous acid that decomposes to form chlorine dioxide and chlorate... At pH 3 – 4, decomposition slows down. Alkaline solutions are stable, and dilute solutions can even be boiled without decomposition. Concentrated alkaline solutions of sodium chlorite slowly decompose when heated... The reaction of sodium chlorite with hypochlorite depends on pH [137]. At low pH, the reaction produces chlorine dioxide, whereas at high pH, chlorate is formed. The reaction with chlorine produces chlorine dioxide and sodium chloride" "Crystalline sodium chlorite is slightly hygroscopic without caking; it is stabilized with alkali for long-term storage" "The absorption of chlorine dioxide in caustic soda solution and the simultaneous reduction of chlorate to chlorite are achieved by a suitable reducing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide... The product is a 33 wt % solution of sodium chlorite, which is then converted to a dry solid containing ca. 80 wt % of sodium chlorite, the rest being stabilizers" "Sodium chlorite is a very efficient bleaching agent. Its oxidation potential allows a controlled bleaching that is not attainable with other bleaching agents"

****!!!!*** {Excellent summary of toxicity studies regarding health, and more}

***!!!!*** 2017 Jan "Since in aqueous solutions, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorine share the same anion (ClO-) and, thus, release the very same active substance (i.e. active chlorine, thought to consist of hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid and chlorine in equilibrium), read-across is possible for all the toxicological end-points." "In the acute inhalation toxicity study (Anonymous, 1970), inactivity and lacrimation were evident at the dose of 10.5 mg avCl/L (1 h exposure). No deaths occurred (LC0 >10.5 mg avCl/L). Thus, the LC50 was determined to be greater than 10.5 mg avCl/L." "...by a factor of 4 for dusts and mists according to Annex I, notes to Table 1.1, paragraph c). However, in the case of sodium hypochlorite which only exerts local effects at the ****side [site?] of first contact, it is expected that local irritative effects are rather concentration than time dependent. Hence, findings for 4-h exposure durations are expected to be similar to those observed after 1-h exposures. " "ystemic toxicity after inhalation exposure towards sodium hypochlorite would therefore occur only secondary to locally irritating effects mainly caused by the local oxidation and basic nature of hypochlorite and its solutions. The remaining sodium and chloride ions are physiologically essential elements and are required in the intermediary metabolism and can therefore not be regarded as typical xenobiotics when entering the body."

"Acute oral LD50 = 1.1 g/kg BW (LD50 as available Cl2) = 1100 mg/kg BW NaClO as av. Cl2" "Dermal LD50 > 20 g/kg bw...2 of 8 animals died on day 1 and 2 after application in the high dose group (20 g/kg bw)." "The LC0 value by inhalation in rat was found to be greater than 10.5 mg/l for 1 hour exposure... inhalation exposure of sodium hypochlorite is only possible if aerosols are formed"

*******!!!***!!!!*

1999 "studies have shown that pH has much less effect on pathogen inactivationfor viruses and cysts with chlorine dioxide than with chlorine in the pH range of 6 to 8.5. Unlikechlorine, studies on chlorine dioxide have shown the degree of inactivation of poliovirus 1 (Scarpinoet al., 1979) and Naegleria gruberi cysts (Chen et al., 1984) increase as the pH increases." "In the first disinfection mechanism, chlorine dioxide reacts readily with amino acids cysteine,tryptophan, and tyrosine, but not with viral ribonucleic acid (RNA)). From this research, it was concluded that chlorine dioxide inactivated viruses by altering theviral capsid proteins. However, chlorine dioxide reacts with poliovirus RNA and impairs RNA synthesis. It has also been shown that chlorine dioxide reacts with free fatty acids. At this time, it is unclear whether the primary mode ofinactivation for chlorine dioxide lies in the peripheral structures or nucleic acids. Perhaps reactions inboth regions contribute to pathogen inactivation.The second type of disinfection mechanism focuses on the effect of chlorine dioxide on physiologicalfunctions. It has been suggested that the primary mechanism for inactivation was the disruption ofprotein synthesis (Bernarde et al., 1967a). However, later studies reported the inhibition of proteinsynthesis may not be the primary inactivation mechanism. A more recent studyreported that chlorine dioxide disrupted the permeability of the outer membrane). The results of this study were supported by the findings of Olivieri et al. (1985) and Ghandbari et al. (1983), which found that the outer membrane proteins and lipids were sufficiently altered by chlorine dioxide to increase permeability"

****!!!!*** Current date. {There are likely some errors in this info} "PubChem CID 24870. Structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more."

*****!!!!**** Current date. {Central page with many sub-linked documents}

*******!!!!****** (Current date) {Includes 20+ docs, including ones for 2006 RED}

***** {Includes chart of residuals in treated foods} "While the chlorite ion is stable in aqueous solution, under acidic conditions, chlorite forms a semi-stable intermediate, chlorous acid (HClO2). Chlorous acid disintegrates to chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which further degrades to chlorite (ClO2 ̄) and ultimately chloride (Cl ̄) is formed. The extent of each of the degradation pathways and thus the proportion of each of the oxy-chlorine species depends in part on the pH of the solution. Other factors such as temperature and alkalinity of the water also affect the composition of the oxy-chlorine constituents." "At a pH of 2.3, approximately 31% of chlorite (from sodium chlorite) is converted to chlorous acid" "The pH values at different concentrations of citric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydrogen sulfate to prepare a 1000 mg/l sodium chlorite solution are presented in Figure 1" "The technical-grade of sodium chlorite used to prepare ASC is comprised of 80% of sodium chlorite, with sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and sodium chlorate making up the remainer of the composition." "Although levels of chlorine dioxide do not exceed 3 ppm in the solution initially, chlorine dioxide levels increase during aging of the solution." "Chlorine dioxide... is not present as a residue of the treated food-product." "Instead, the ASC solution is monitored for sodium chlorite concentration and pH, which are known to result in acceptable levels of chlorate, chlorite, and chlorine dioxide. Depending on the food application, the solution is characterized by a sodium chlorite concentration in the range of 50-150 mg/l and a pH of 2.8-3.2 or 500-1200 mg/l and a pH of 2.5-2.9."

2004 Sept. {Summary from Toxicological Profile}

{regarding lab test on interaction with berries, as impacting health concerns}

*******!!!!***** {Going into effect 2021 or 2022. EPA core review docket for Chlorine Dioxide application guidelines and health safety}

*****!!!!****!!!** {Includes long list of research studies; regulations searches; patents; products from a broad range of manufacturers, and ingredients; etc}

Nov 1990 thru Oct 2000. {Safety levels for people}

********2021

*********** Going into effect in 2021****

2003

The daily drinking water consumption for the 10 kg child and 70 kg adult are assumed to be 1 L/day and 2 L/day

{Includes Chlorine Dioxide info.} "Chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms directly by disrupting transport of nutrients across the cell wall." "Chlorine dioxide is a very reactive compound and breaks down quickly in the environment (ATSDR, 259 2004a). In air, sunlight rapidly causes chlorine dioxide to break down into chlorine gas and oxygen. When 260 used as a disinfecting agent, however, the product of chlorine dioxide is primarily chlorite. Although 261 chlorite in water may move into groundwater, reactions with soil and sediments may reduce the amount of 262 chlorite reaching groundwater. The toxic action of chlorite is primarily in the form of oxidative damage to 263 red blood cells at doses as low as 10 mg/kg of body weight. Toxic reaction products are not known to 264 occur when chlorite is mixed with organic materials."