Aug 2006. "Readers are referred to USEPA (2000a) for a detailed review of the effects seen at specific concentrations and exposure durations along with the derivation of the RfC."

2004 Sept. ********No reports were located in which gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, dermal, or metabolic effects were associated with inhalation exposure of humans or animals to chlorine dioxide or chlorite. *******Example concentrations: 150 ppm (420 mg/m3), 10 ppm (28 mg/m3), etc. {Contact info for Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) & American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM)}

2000 Sept. "No studies examining the toxicity of inhaled chlorite were located,,,Under ambient conditions, airborne chlorite is likely to exist as a particulate, whereas inhalation exposure to chlorine dioxide is as a gas. Based on their physical and chemical properties, it is anticipated that inhaled chlorine dioxide and chlorite would have very different modes of exposure. Therefore, the potential hazards associated with exposure to these two chemicals are also very different."

***** 1999 {Efficiency of various generating methods, Concentration & time. Etc.} "Higher strength solutions of sodium chlorite (e.g., 37 percent) also are more susceptible to crystallization or stratification at ambient temperatures as high as 25°C (78°F)." "In water treatment, chlorine dioxide solution concentrations rarely exceed 4 g/L for temperatures less than 40°C, and treatment levels generally range from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L. " "Chlorine dioxide can be easily removed from dilute aqueous solution by turbulent aeration"

********!!!!!!********** {Safe levels. 2000 is most recent date noted.} "...chlorine dioxide rapidly disappeared from the stored water (within 2-4 hours) and water chlorite concentrations concomitantly increased. Once absorbed, chlorine dioxide and chlorite are cleared from the blood at similar rates and are similarly distributed throughout the body .. Additionally, chloride is the major in vivo degradation product for chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate. The available data suggest that chlorine dioxide and chlorite have similar targets of toxicity and potencies. Therefore, the toxicity information for chlorite is relevant to deriving an RfD for chlorine dioxide." Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

****2018 Jan. {Very good technical info. Fumigation leaves no CD or by-product residue. Air treatments are more effective than Liquid. Includes several CD and SC trade names. Denied because of lack of public requests, available alternatives, etc.}

2007. Chlorine dioxide final volume 5

{Includes statements about chlorine dioxide's effects on human body.}

2008 May ******* {in-depth info on concentrations, safety, efficacy & time for CD and other disinfectants} "The use of chlorine dioxide at 20 mg/l resulted in little or no difference in numbers of total aerobic bacteria on beef compared with using potable water. " "The reaction of the bromide ion (Br−) with chlorine dioxide is thermodynamically unfavourable. However, with intense sunlight and high concen-trations of chlorine dioxide, chlorine dioxide does oxidize the bromide ion to hypobromite (BrO−) and bromate (BrO3−)"

2000 Sept. {Evaluating RfC, RfD, carcinogenicity. Includes **injection report.} "what exists in water or the stomach is a mixture of these chemical species (i.e., chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate) and possibly their reaction products with the gastrointestinal contents." "[after gavage dosing of rats] it was not clear from these reports whether the parent chlorine dioxide itself or the chlorite, chlorate, or chloride ion degradation products were absorbed"

********* {Includes graph comparing contact time effects for differing dosages.} {Includes chart of level testing methods} {Includes comparison chart of commercial chlorine dioxide generator equipment} "...it is stable in dilute solution in a closed container in the absence of light. " "In drinking water, chlorite (ClO2-) is the predominant reaction endproduct, with approximately 50 to70 percent of the chlorine dioxide converted to chlorite and 30 percent to chlorate (ClO3-) and chloride (Cl-)" "educing the temperature from 20°C to10°C reduced the disinfection effectiveness of chlorine dioxide on Cryptosporidium by 40 percent,which is similar to previous results for Giardia and viruses." "At neutral pH levels, the required doses may be morethan 20 mg/L." "mostly viral aggregates took 2.7 times longer to inactivate with chlorine dioxide than single state viruses" "clumps of... cysts were more resistant to chlorine dioxide" " CT required for 2-log inactivation [of Naegleriagruberi cysts] was much higher than normally employed for water treatment" "In water treatment processes that require high pH, such as softening, chlorine dioxide should beadded after the pH has been lowered" "The occurrence of photochemical decomposition of chlorine dioxide can affect the ultimateconcentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate in water treated with chlorine dioxide" "[Sodium chlorite] 25 percent solution [as formulated commercially] may not require any special protection except in cold climates" "The reactions produce chlorite and chlorate as endproducts (compoundsthat are suspected of causing hemolytic anemia and other health effects)" "chlorinedioxide dosage cannot exceed 1.4 mg/L to limit the total combined concentration ofClO2, ClO2-, ClO3-, to a maximum of 1.0 mg/L. Under the proposed DBP regulations,the MRDL for chlorine dioxide is 0.8 mg/L and the MCL for chlorite is 1.0 mg/L"

2005.

***!!!!**** 2002 " Some studies have been conducted via the oral route using aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. Several of these studies were conducted using “stabilized aqueous chlorine dioxide,” sometimes by maintaining a constant pH using sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. However, it is recognized that this would effectively lead to the formation of aqueous sodium chlorite (which can subsequently generate chlorine dioxide by acid dis-placement). These studies are felt to be less relevant than those using stabilized aqueous chlorine dioxide and are not summarized in this review. The reasons for this are that chlorine dioxide dissolves discretely in water (i.e., it does not dissociate into ions), forming a solution of around pH 5 or less, whereas an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite has a different, ionized composition and a pH of approximately 8. The explosive nature of this substance has limited the concentration of chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions to a maximum of about 1% w/v" {******pg 4 -- ppm conversion info for air concentrations:} "0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m3) 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) and 0.3 ppm (0.84 mg/m3) 15-min reference period" "It is predicted thatdermal exposure from contact with the aqueous solution in occupational settings will range from 0.1 to 5 mg/cm2 per day" "There are no quantitative human data, but chlorine dioxide is very toxic by single inhalation exposure in rats. There were no mortalities following exposure to 16 ppm (45 mg/m3) for 4 h, although pulmonary oedema and emphysema were seen in all animals exposed to 16–46 ppm (45–129 mg/m3) chlorine dioxide,the incidence increasing in a dose-related manner. The calculated mean LC50 was 32 ppm (90 mg/m3). In another study, ocular discharge, nosebleeds, pulmonary oedema, and death occurred at 260 ppm (728 mg/m3) for 2 h. Chlorine dioxide is toxic when administered in solution by a single oral dose to rats; at 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight, there were signs of corrosive activity in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. The calculated oral LD50 was 94 mg/kg body weight."

{Safety info for public from ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry) }

*****This IRIS assessment for Chlorine dioxide consists of hazard identification and dose-response assessment data and provides support for EPA risk management decisions.

ChemicalBook provide Chemical industry users with Chlorine dioxide Boiling point Melting point,Chlorine dioxide Density MSDS Formula Use,If You also need to Chlorine dioxide Other information,welcome to contact us.

Annotation record.

2006 Aug. "Readers are referred to USEPA (2000a) for a detailed review of the effects seen at specific concentrations and exposure durations along with the derivation of the RfC."

**** 2017 Jan. "Any chlorine dioxide remaining at the consumer’s tap will be reduced to chlorite and chloride upon ingestion. *** Consequently, a guideline value for chlorine dioxide has not been established."..."For chlorite, JECFA established an ADIof 0–0.03mg/kg bw on the basis of the NOAEL of 3mg/kg bw per day...Using the upper bound of the chlorite ADI of 30 μg/kg bw, a typical human body weight of 60 kg, the assumption that drinking-water contributes80% of the total exposure and a typical consumption of 2 L of water per day, the provisional guideline value is calculated to be 0.7mg/L (rounded figure). This guideline value is designated as provisional because use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectantmay result in the chlorite guideline value being exceeded, " "JECFA therefore established an ADIof 0–0.01 mg/kg bw for chlorate" "[Page 1] Conversion factor in air: 1 part per million (ppm) = 2.8 mg/m3"

*****!!!!**** 2004 Sept. {"solid sodium chlorite is unstable and can form explosive mixtures with oxidizable materials, such as organic compounds. Chlorite ion solutions should not be allowed to dry on textiles because this may result in a flammable combination" }

General CD info from California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment