"There have been 4,581 reports of incidents associated with human exposure to sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, or potassium hypochlorite reported in the OPP Incident Data System during the time period from 1973 to 2017. There were 29 reports of human related fatalities," " “The Agency has determined that the available acute toxicity data and fish and wildlife data are sufficient to address the acute toxicity risks to humans and the environment, and has concluded that there is no need for chronic or subchronic data to continue registering sodium and calcium hypochlorite products for the registered uses”"

"In pure water, chlorine gas forms a mixture of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite. Hypochlorous acid is an oxidizing agent and is used in water treatment" "Chlorine dioxide has been cleared by the Food and Drug Administration as a chemical source for bleaching white (21 CFR 137.105) and wheat flour (21 CFR 137.200)."

"Relative density (water = 1): 1.6 (liquid, 0°C) Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 0.8 Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 101 Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2.3 Explosive limits, vol% in air: >10 "

1999 "studies have shown that pH has much less effect on pathogen inactivationfor viruses and cysts with chlorine dioxide than with chlorine in the pH range of 6 to 8.5. Unlikechlorine, studies on chlorine dioxide have shown the degree of inactivation of poliovirus 1 (Scarpinoet al., 1979) and Naegleria gruberi cysts (Chen et al., 1984) increase as the pH increases." "In the first disinfection mechanism, chlorine dioxide reacts readily with amino acids cysteine,tryptophan, and tyrosine, but not with viral ribonucleic acid (RNA)). From this research, it was concluded that chlorine dioxide inactivated viruses by altering theviral capsid proteins. However, chlorine dioxide reacts with poliovirus RNA and impairs RNA synthesis. It has also been shown that chlorine dioxide reacts with free fatty acids. At this time, it is unclear whether the primary mode ofinactivation for chlorine dioxide lies in the peripheral structures or nucleic acids. Perhaps reactions inboth regions contribute to pathogen inactivation.The second type of disinfection mechanism focuses on the effect of chlorine dioxide on physiologicalfunctions. It has been suggested that the primary mechanism for inactivation was the disruption ofprotein synthesis (Bernarde et al., 1967a). However, later studies reported the inhibition of proteinsynthesis may not be the primary inactivation mechanism. A more recent studyreported that chlorine dioxide disrupted the permeability of the outer membrane). The results of this study were supported by the findings of Olivieri et al. (1985) and Ghandbari et al. (1983), which found that the outer membrane proteins and lipids were sufficiently altered by chlorine dioxide to increase permeability"

****** 1972 {Cited by 282 papers}

2005

1999. Chapter 4--Chlorine Dioxide. "The MRDL for chlorine dioxide is 0.8 mg/L and the MCL for chlorite is 1.0 mg/L per the D/DBP rule. This means that if the oxidant demand is greater than about 1.4 mg/L, chlorine dioxide may not be used as a disinfectant because the chlorite/chlorate ions byproduct, might exceed the maximum level allowed, unless inorganic byproducts (e.g., chlorite) are subsequently removed. There are numerous means to reduce excessive chlorite levels..."

****!!!!*** Current date. {There are likely some errors in this info} "PubChem CID 24870. Structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more."

*****!!!!**** Current date. {Central page with many sub-linked documents}

*******!!!!****** (Current date) {Includes 20+ docs, including ones for 2006 RED}

***** {Includes chart of residuals in treated foods} "While the chlorite ion is stable in aqueous solution, under acidic conditions, chlorite forms a semi-stable intermediate, chlorous acid (HClO2). Chlorous acid disintegrates to chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which further degrades to chlorite (ClO2 ̄) and ultimately chloride (Cl ̄) is formed. The extent of each of the degradation pathways and thus the proportion of each of the oxy-chlorine species depends in part on the pH of the solution. Other factors such as temperature and alkalinity of the water also affect the composition of the oxy-chlorine constituents." "At a pH of 2.3, approximately 31% of chlorite (from sodium chlorite) is converted to chlorous acid" "The pH values at different concentrations of citric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydrogen sulfate to prepare a 1000 mg/l sodium chlorite solution are presented in Figure 1" "The technical-grade of sodium chlorite used to prepare ASC is comprised of 80% of sodium chlorite, with sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and sodium chlorate making up the remainer of the composition." "Although levels of chlorine dioxide do not exceed 3 ppm in the solution initially, chlorine dioxide levels increase during aging of the solution." "Chlorine dioxide... is not present as a residue of the treated food-product." "Instead, the ASC solution is monitored for sodium chlorite concentration and pH, which are known to result in acceptable levels of chlorate, chlorite, and chlorine dioxide. Depending on the food application, the solution is characterized by a sodium chlorite concentration in the range of 50-150 mg/l and a pH of 2.8-3.2 or 500-1200 mg/l and a pH of 2.5-2.9."

2004 Sept.

***** Current date. "Chlorine dioxide deodorizes because it can react with odorous substances (such as H 2 S, -SOH, -NH 2, etc.) and rapidly oxidize the odorous substances into other substances. Moreover, it can prevent the decomposition of methionine into ethylene, and can also destroy the formed ethylene, thereby delaying decay, killing microorganisms without reacting with fatty acids and not destroying the structure of food."

Current date.

2014 probable date.

Current date. Chlorine Dioxide CAS # 10049-04-4 and Chlorite CAS # 7758-19-2

2004 Sept. {Summary from Toxicological Profile}

SciFinderⁿ's chemical database provides access to the world's most comprehensive chemical database of substances, reactions, references, and chemical suppliers.

*** 90 pages. 1972.

"At 500 ppb nominal concentration of chlorite, the reaction was over 90% complete, ie. chlorite concentration reduced to less than 10%."

2006. Reactivity of sodium chlorite with tomatoes

1992 "The loose term 'chlorine' is generally used by the industry to mean 'available chlorine' and 'residual chlorine' to refer to hypochlorous acid." "In solution, chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite produce the same active ingredient, hypochlorous acid."

1994 {This doc was used for work on Chlorine Dioxide/SC RED decisions} "...has decided to uphold the current exemption from requirements for a tolerance for *chlorine* residues resulting from preharvest and posthavest uses on all raw agricultureal commodities."

{regarding lab test on interaction with berries, as impacting health concerns}

1991. {Includes toxicology data} from IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 52. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer. "Mouse: Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice, six weeks old, were given 0.0, 0.025 or 0.05% sodium chlorite (82–87% pure [impurities unspecified]) in the drinking-water for 80 weeks. Survival at 85 weeks was: males—control, 35/50; low-dose, 47/50; high-dose, 43/50; females—control, 47/50; low-dose, 50/50; high-dose, 50/50."

*******!!!!***** {Going into effect 2021 or 2022. EPA core review docket for Chlorine Dioxide application guidelines and health safety}

*****!!!!****!!!** {Includes long list of research studies; regulations searches; patents; products from a broad range of manufacturers, and ingredients; etc}