Reference Documents on Relevant Chemicals

Current date.

2009. "Purpose: (1) Use a toxicity-based approach to prioritize and identify DBPs that show the greatest toxic response. (2) Comprehensively identify DBPs formed by different disinfectant regimes for the 'Four Lab Study'. (3) Determine the mechanisms of formation for potentially hazardous bromonitromethane DBPs."

2014 probable date.

********!!!!!!********** {Safe levels. 2000 is most recent date noted.} "...chlorine dioxide rapidly disappeared from the stored water (within 2-4 hours) and water chlorite concentrations concomitantly increased. Once absorbed, chlorine dioxide and chlorite are cleared from the blood at similar rates and are similarly distributed throughout the body .. Additionally, chloride is the major in vivo degradation product for chlorine dioxide, chlorite, and chlorate. The available data suggest that chlorine dioxide and chlorite have similar targets of toxicity and potencies. Therefore, the toxicity information for chlorite is relevant to deriving an RfD for chlorine dioxide." Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

Annotation record.

***!!!!*** Current date. "PubChemCID 23668197" "125 to 250 parts per million as a slimicide in the manufacture of paper and paperboard that contact food"

***!!!!**** 2002 " Some studies have been conducted via the oral route using aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. Several of these studies were conducted using “stabilized aqueous chlorine dioxide,” sometimes by maintaining a constant pH using sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. However, it is recognized that this would effectively lead to the formation of aqueous sodium chlorite (which can subsequently generate chlorine dioxide by acid dis-placement). These studies are felt to be less relevant than those using stabilized aqueous chlorine dioxide and are not summarized in this review. The reasons for this are that chlorine dioxide dissolves discretely in water (i.e., it does not dissociate into ions), forming a solution of around pH 5 or less, whereas an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite has a different, ionized composition and a pH of approximately 8. The explosive nature of this substance has limited the concentration of chlorine dioxide in aqueous solutions to a maximum of about 1% w/v" {******pg 4 -- ppm conversion info for air concentrations:} "0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m3) 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) and 0.3 ppm (0.84 mg/m3) 15-min reference period" "It is predicted thatdermal exposure from contact with the aqueous solution in occupational settings will range from 0.1 to 5 mg/cm2 per day" "There are no quantitative human data, but chlorine dioxide is very toxic by single inhalation exposure in rats. There were no mortalities following exposure to 16 ppm (45 mg/m3) for 4 h, although pulmonary oedema and emphysema were seen in all animals exposed to 16–46 ppm (45–129 mg/m3) chlorine dioxide,the incidence increasing in a dose-related manner. The calculated mean LC50 was 32 ppm (90 mg/m3). In another study, ocular discharge, nosebleeds, pulmonary oedema, and death occurred at 260 ppm (728 mg/m3) for 2 h. Chlorine dioxide is toxic when administered in solution by a single oral dose to rats; at 40 and 80 mg/kg bodyweight, there were signs of corrosive activity in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. The calculated oral LD50 was 94 mg/kg body weight."

**pg33 Results of exposure to aqueous CD can't be generalized to inhaled exposure

Current date. Chlorine Dioxide CAS # 10049-04-4 and Chlorite CAS # 7758-19-2

2004 Sept. {Summary from Toxicological Profile}

Nov 1990 thru Oct 2000. {Safety levels for people}

2004 Sept. ********No reports were located in which gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, endocrine, dermal, or metabolic effects were associated with inhalation exposure of humans or animals to chlorine dioxide or chlorite. *******Example concentrations: 150 ppm (420 mg/m3), 10 ppm (28 mg/m3), etc. {Contact info for Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (AOEC) & American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM)}

***** 1999 {Efficiency of various generating methods, Concentration & time. Etc.} "Higher strength solutions of sodium chlorite (e.g., 37 percent) also are more susceptible to crystallization or stratification at ambient temperatures as high as 25°C (78°F)." "In water treatment, chlorine dioxide solution concentrations rarely exceed 4 g/L for temperatures less than 40°C, and treatment levels generally range from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L. " "Chlorine dioxide can be easily removed from dilute aqueous solution by turbulent aeration"

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2006. Reactivity of sodium chlorite with tomatoes

1992 "The loose term 'chlorine' is generally used by the industry to mean 'available chlorine' and 'residual chlorine' to refer to hypochlorous acid." "In solution, chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite produce the same active ingredient, hypochlorous acid."

1994 {This doc was used for work on Chlorine Dioxide/SC RED decisions} "...has decided to uphold the current exemption from requirements for a tolerance for *chlorine* residues resulting from preharvest and posthavest uses on all raw agricultureal commodities."

{regarding lab test on interaction with berries, as impacting health concerns}

*******!!!!***** {Going into effect 2021 or 2022. EPA core review docket for Chlorine Dioxide application guidelines and health safety}

********2021

*********** Going into effect in 2021****

2003

{Includes statements about chlorine dioxide's effects on human body.}

Other documents referenced as sources for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). Chlorine Dioxide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 5, 2007.

2007. Chlorine dioxide final volume 5

2006 Aug. "Readers are referred to USEPA (2000a) for a detailed review of the effects seen at specific concentrations and exposure durations along with the derivation of the RfC."

Sodium Chlorite combined with any GRAS acid for meat dip, seafood, raw agricultural commodities, etc