" The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger T. harzianum P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine."

Abstract. Insufficient potable water resources and poorly treated drinking water quality are the world's number one cause for preventable morbidity and mortalit

"Chlorine dioxide was more effective against Aphanomyces sp. than S. diclina and A. bisexualis. Three days of immersion in chlorine dioxide >100 ppm inhibited hyphal growth of S. diclina and A. bisexualis, and concentrations >50 ppm inhibited growth of Aphanomyces sp. Immersion in 500 μg/ml chlorine dioxide for 1-4 h killed the hyphae and concentrations of 32 to 63μg/ml inhibited germination and killed zoospores of all three strains. The result suggest that treatment of hatchery water with 63μg/ml of chlorine dioxide for 10 min can control the zoospores but does not inhibit the growth of fungal hyphae of these strains. We conclude chlorine dioxide is an effective antifungal agent on both the hyphal and zoospore stages of S. diclina, A. bisexualis and Aphanomyces sp."

2010. "The high usage of ClO2 indicated that there was evidently an enormous initial bioload present in the HWT system, thought to be largely due to sediments that had accumulated in the holding tank, and this emphasises the need for a thorough cleaning of the tanks and associated equipment prior to the start of the bulb dipping season. However, once the initial bioload had been neutralised, any further bioload introduced into the tank should be easily controlled by maintaining an appropriate ClO2 concentration.