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What you need to know and do before 20th March 2023.

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Authors : Bob Killen (Google), Davanum Srinivas (AWS), Chris Short (AWS), Frederico Muñoz (SAS Institute), Tim Bannister (The Scale Factory), Ricky Sadowski (AWS), Grace Nguyen (Expo), Mahamed Ali (Rackspace Technology), Mars Toktonaliev (independent), Laura Santamaria (Dell), Kat Cosgrove (Dell) On Monday, March 20th, the k8s.gcr.io registry will be redirected to the community owned registry , registry.k8s.io . TL;DR: What you need to know about this change On Monday, March 20th, traffic from the older k8s.gcr.io registry will be redirected to registry.k8s.io with the eventual goal of sunsetting k8s.gcr.io. If you run in a restricted environment, and apply strict domain name or IP address access policies limited to k8s.gcr.io, the image pulls will not function after k8s.gcr.io starts redirecting to the new registry. A small subset of non-standard clients do not handle HTTP redirects by image registries, and will need to be pointed directly at registry.k8s.io. The redirect is a stopgap to assist users in making the switch. The deprecated k8s.gcr.io registry will be phased out at some point. Please update your manifests as soon as possible to point to registry.k8s.io . If you host your own image registry, you can copy images you need there as well to reduce traffic to community owned registries. If you think you may be impacted, or would like to know more about this change, please keep reading. Why did Kubernetes change to a different image registry? k8s.gcr.io is hosted on a custom Google Container Registry (GCR) domain that was set up solely for the Kubernetes project. This has worked well since the inception of the project, and we thank Google for providing these resources, but today, there are other cloud providers and vendors that would like to host images to provide a better experience for the people on their platforms. In addition to Google’s renewed commitment to donate $3 million to support the project's infrastructure last year, Amazon Web Services announced a matching donation during their Kubecon NA 2022 keynote in Detroit . This will provide a better experience for users (closer servers = faster downloads) and will reduce the egress bandwidth and costs from GCR at the same time. For more details on this change, check out registry.k8s.io: faster, cheaper and Generally Available (GA) . Why is a redirect being put in place? The project switched to registry.k8s.io last year with the 1.25 release ; however, most of the image pull traffic is still directed at the old endpoint k8s.gcr.io. This has not been sustainable for us as a project, as it is not utilizing the resources that have been donated to the project from other providers, and we are in the danger of running out of funds due to the cost of serving this traffic. A redirect will enable the project to take advantage of these new resources, significantly reducing our egress bandwidth costs. We only expect this change to impact a small subset of users running in restricted environments or using very old clients that do not respect redirects properly. What images will be impacted? ALL images on k8s.gcr.io will be impacted by this change. k8s.gcr.io hosts many images beyond Kubernetes releases. A large number of Kubernetes subprojects host their images there as well. Some examples include the dns/k8s-dns-node-cache , ingress-nginx/controller , and node-problem-detector/node-problem-detector images. What will happen to k8s.gcr.io? Separate from the the redirect, k8s.gcr.io will be frozen and will not be updated with new images after April 3rd, 2023 . k8s.gcr.io will not get any new releases, patches, or security updates. It will continue to remain available to help people migrate, but it WILL be phased out entirely in the future. I run in a restricted environment. What should I do? For impacted users that run in a restricted environment, the best option is to copy over the required images to a private registry or configure a pull-through cache in their registry. There are several tools to copy images between registries; crane is one of those tools, and images can be copied to a private registry by using crane copy SRC DST . There are also vendor-specific tools, like e.g. Google’s gcrane , that perform a similar function but are streamlined for their platform. How can I check registry.k8s.io is accessible from my cluster? To test connectivity to registry.k8s.io and being able to pull images from there, here is a sample command that can be executed in the namespace of your choosing: kubectl run hello-world --tty --rm -i --image=registry.k8s.io/busybox:latest sh When you run the command above, here’s what to expect when things work correctly: $ kubectl run hello-world --tty --rm -i --image=registry.k8s.io/busybox:latest sh If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. / # exit Session ended, resume using 'kubectl attach hello-world -c hello-world -i -t' command when the pod is running pod "hello-world" deleted What kind of errors will I see if I’m impacted? Errors may depend on what kind of container runtime you are using, and what endpoint you are routed to, but it should present such as ErrImagePull , ImagePullBackOff , or a container failing to be created with the warning FailedCreatePodSandBox . Below is an example error message showing a proxied deployment failing to pull due to an unknown certificate: FailedCreatePodSandBox: Failed to create pod sandbox: rpc error: code = Unknown desc = Error response from daemon: Head “https://us-west1-docker.pkg.dev/v2/k8s-artifacts-prod/images/pause/manifests/3.8”: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority How can I find which images are using the legacy registry, and fix them? Option 1 : See the one line kubectl command in our earlier blog post : kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o jsonpath="{.items[*].spec.containers[*].image}" |\ tr -s '[[:space:]]' '\n' |\ sort |\ uniq -c Option 2 : A kubectl krew plugin has been developed called community-images , that will scan and report any images using the k8s.gcr.io endpoint. If you have krew installed, you can install it with: kubectl krew install community-images and generate a report with: kubectl community-images For alternate methods of install and example output, check out the repo: kubernetes-sigs/community-images . Option 3 : If you do not have access to a cluster directly, or manage many clusters - the best way is to run a search over your manifests and charts for "k8s.gcr.io" . Option 4 : If you wish to prevent k8s.gcr.io based images from running in your cluster, example policies for Gatekeeper and Kyverno are available in the AWS EKS Best Practices repository that will block them from being pulled. You can use these third-party policies with any Kubernetes cluster. Option 5 : As a LAST possible option, you can use a Mutating Admission Webhook to change the image address dynamically. This should only be considered a stopgap till your manifests have been updated. You can find a (third party) Mutating Webhook and Kyverno policy in k8s-gcr-quickfix . I still have questions, where should I go? For more information on registry.k8s.io and why it was developed, see registry.k8s.io: faster, cheaper and Generally Available . If you would like to know more about the image freeze and the last images that will be available there, see the blog post: k8s.gcr.io Image Registry Will Be Frozen From the 3rd of April 2023 . Information on the architecture of registry.k8s.io and its request handling decision tree can be found in the kubernetes/registry.k8s.io repo . If you believe you have encountered a bug with the new registry or the redirect, please open an issue in the kubernetes/registry.k8s.io repo . Please check if there is an issue already open similar to what you are seeing before you create a new issue .

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Authors: Adrian Reber (Red Hat) In my previous article, Forensic container checkpointing in Kubernetes , I introduced checkpointing in Kubernetes and how it has to be setup and how it can be used. The name of the feature is Forensic container checkpointing, but I did not go into any details how to do the actual analysis of the checkpoint created by Kubernetes. In this article I want to provide details how the checkpoint can be analyzed. Checkpointing is still an alpha feature in Kubernetes and this article wants to provide a preview how the feature might work in the future. Preparation Details about how to configure Kubernetes and the underlying CRI implementation to enable checkpointing support can be found in my Forensic container checkpointing in Kubernetes article. As an example I prepared a container image (quay.io/adrianreber/counter:blog ) which I want to checkpoint and then analyze in this article. This container allows me to create files in the container and also store information in memory which I later want to find in the checkpoint. To run that container I need a pod, and for this example I am using the following Pod manifest: apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : counters spec : containers : - name : counter image : quay.io/adrianreber/counter:blog This results in a container called counter running in a pod called counters . Once the container is running I am performing following actions with that container: $ kubectl get pod counters --template '' 10.88.0.25 $ curl 10.88.0.25:8088/create?test-file $ curl 10.88.0.25:8088/secret?RANDOM_1432_KEY $ curl 10.88.0.25:8088 The first access creates a file called test-file with the content test-file in the container and the second access stores my secret information (RANDOM_1432_KEY ) somewhere in the container's memory. The last access just adds an additional line to the internal log file. The last step before I can analyze the checkpoint it to tell Kubernetes to create the checkpoint. As described in the previous article this requires access to the kubelet only checkpoint API endpoint. For a container named counter in a pod named counters in a namespace named default the kubelet API endpoint is reachable at: # run this on the node where that Pod is executing curl -X POST "https://localhost:10250/checkpoint/default/counters/counter" For completeness the following curl command-line options are necessary to have curl accept the kubelet 's self signed certificate and authorize the use of the kubelet checkpoint API: --insecure --cert /var/run/kubernetes/client-admin.crt --key /var/run/kubernetes/client-admin.key Once the checkpointing has finished the checkpoint should be available at /var/lib/kubelet/checkpoints/checkpoint-pod-name_namespace-name-container-name-timestamp.tar In the following steps of this article I will use the name checkpoint.tar when analyzing the checkpoint archive. Checkpoint archive analysis using checkpointctl To get some initial information about the checkpointed container I am using the tool checkpointctl like this: $ checkpointctl show checkpoint.tar --print-stats +-----------+----------------------------------+--------------+---------+---------------------+--------+------------+------------+-------------------+ | CONTAINER | IMAGE | ID | RUNTIME | CREATED | ENGINE | IP | CHKPT SIZE | ROOT FS DIFF SIZE | +-----------+----------------------------------+--------------+---------+---------------------+--------+------------+------------+-------------------+ | counter | quay.io/adrianreber/counter:blog | 059a219a22e5 | runc | 2023-03-02T06:06:49 | CRI-O | 10.88.0.23 | 8.6 MiB | 3.0 KiB | +-----------+----------------------------------+--------------+---------+---------------------+--------+------------+------------+-------------------+ CRIU dump statistics +---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | FREEZING TIME | FROZEN TIME | MEMDUMP TIME | MEMWRITE TIME | PAGES SCANNED | PAGES WRITTEN | +---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | 100809 us | 119627 us | 11602 us | 7379 us | 7800 | 2198 | +---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ This gives me already some information about the checkpoint in that checkpoint archive. I can see the name of the container, information about the container runtime and container engine. It also lists the size of the checkpoint (CHKPT SIZE ). This is mainly the size of the memory pages included in the checkpoint, but there is also information about the size of all changed files in the container (ROOT FS DIFF SIZE ). The additional parameter --print-stats decodes information in the checkpoint archive and displays them in the second table (CRIU dump statistics ). This information is collected during checkpoint creation and gives an overview how much time CRIU needed to checkpoint the processes in the container and how many memory pages were analyzed and written during checkpoint creation. Digging deeper With the help of checkpointctl I am able to get some high level information about the checkpoint archive. To be able to analyze the checkpoint archive further I have to extract it. The checkpoint archive is a tar archive and can be extracted with the help of tar xf checkpoint.tar . Extracting the checkpoint archive will result in following files and directories: bind.mounts - this file contains information about bind mounts and is needed during restore to mount all external files and directories at the right location checkpoint/ - this directory contains the actual checkpoint as created by CRIU config.dump and spec.dump - these files contain metadata about the container which is needed during restore dump.log - this file contains the debug output of CRIU created during checkpointing stats-dump - this file contains the data which is used by checkpointctl to display dump statistics (--print-stats ) rootfs-diff.tar - this file contains all changed files on the container's file-system File-system changes - rootfs-diff.tar The first step to analyze the container's checkpoint further is to look at the files that have changed in my container. This can be done by looking at the file rootfs-diff.tar : $ tar xvf rootfs-diff.tar home/counter/logfile home/counter/test-file Now the files that changed in the container can be studied: $ cat home/counter/logfile 10.88.0.1 - - [02/Mar/2023 06:07:29] "GET /create?test-file HTTP/1.1" 200 - 10.88.0.1 - - [02/Mar/2023 06:07:40] "GET /secret?RANDOM_1432_KEY HTTP/1.1" 200 - 10.88.0.1 - - [02/Mar/2023 06:07:43] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 - $  cat home/counter/test-file test-file Compared to the container image (quay.io/adrianreber/counter:blog ) this container is based on, I can see that the file logfile contains information about all access to the service the container provides and the file test-file was created just as expected. With the help of rootfs-diff.tar it is possible to inspect all files that were created or changed compared to the base image of the container. Analyzing the checkpointed processes - checkpoint/ The directory checkpoint/ contains data created by CRIU while checkpointing the processes in the container. The content in the directory checkpoint/ consists of different image files which can be analyzed with the help of the tool CRIT which is distributed as part of CRIU. First lets get an overview of the processes inside of the container: $ crit show checkpoint/pstree.img | jq .entries[] .pid 1 7 8 This output means that I have three processes inside of the container's PID namespace with the PIDs: 1, 7, 8 This is only the view from the inside of the container's PID namespace. During restore exactly these PIDs will be recreated. From the outside of the container's PID namespace the PIDs will change after restore. The next step is to get some additional information about these three processes: $ crit show checkpoint/core-1.img | jq .entries[ 0] .tc.comm "bash" $ crit show checkpoint/core-7.img | jq .entries[ 0] .tc.comm "counter.py" $ crit show checkpoint/core-8.img | jq .entries[ 0] .tc.comm "tee" This means the three processes in my container are bash , counter.py (a Python interpreter) and tee . For details about the parent child relations of these processes there is more data to be analyzed in checkpoint/pstree.img . Let's compare the so far collected information to the still running container: $ crictl inspect --output go-template --template "" 059a219a22e56 722520 $ ps auxf | grep -A 2 722520 fedora 722520 \_ bash -c /home/counter/counter.py 2&1 | tee /home/counter/logfile fedora 722541 \_ /usr/bin/python3 /home/counter/counter.py fedora 722542 \_ /usr/bin/coreutils --coreutils-prog-shebang=tee /usr/bin/tee /home/counter/logfile $  cat /proc/722520/comm bash $  cat /proc/722541/comm counter.py $ cat /proc/722542/comm tee In this output I am first retrieving the PID of the first process in the container and then I am looking for that PID and child processes on the system where the container is running. I am seeing three processes and the first one is "bash" which is PID 1 inside of the containers PID namespace. Then I am looking at /proc/PID/comm and I can find the exact same value as in the checkpoint image. Important to remember is that the checkpoint will contain the view from within the container's PID namespace because that information is important to restore the processes. One last example of what crit can tell us about the container is the information about the UTS namespace: $ crit show checkpoint/utsns-12.img { "magic": "UTSNS", "entries": [ { "nodename": "counters", "domainname": "(none)" } ] } This tells me that the hostname inside of the UTS namespace is counters . For every resource CRIU collected during checkpointing...

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Community post by Adam Korczynski and Phil Estes The containerd project is happy to announce the completion of a comprehensive fuzzing audit which added 28 fuzzers covering a wide range of container…

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