Human nature, revolution, and the state: Marx and Bakunin on socialist society
The debate between Karl Marx and Michael Bakunin over the correct road to socialism turns on their respective views of the state. In this thesis I argue that their disagreement can most fundamentally be cashed out in terms of the divergent conceptions of human nature that each holds. Contra the claims of some philosophers, Marx does indeed have a theory of human nature. This theory is separable into two parts: human nature in general, and human nature as historically conditioned. Against Marx's view, Bakunin believes that certain features of human nature obtain trans-historically. He claims that human beings are characterized by instincts for both revolution and socialism, as well as an instinctual love of power. Flowing from these differing views, I argue, are the varying conceptions of post-revolutionary society that each proffers. The dictatorship of the proletariat presupposes the mutable nature of ideological categories and the development of revolutionary consciousness in response to capitalism's imminent demise. Bakunin's critique of the proletarian state, and his more general critique of the state per se, are each founded on the idea that a lust for power is a human nature based constant. His positive alternative is designed to forestall the activation of this lust. In the end I make two points. First, Bakunin's view of human nature subverts his libertarian program: if love of power is an inviolable feature of humanity, socialism is not a real option. Second, Marx's view is the more perspicuous. If the fledgling society is to survive, a state apparatus will doubtless be necessary immediately following the revolution. And the people at its helm will not be power-lusters.
Russian disinformation more effective with Conservative supporters: report
A large majority of Canadians have been exposed to Russian false narratives about the war in Ukraine — and people who support the Conservative Party are more susceptible to believing Kremlin disinformation, according to a new report. Nathaniel Dove has the details.
Water temperature in Toronto Islands today | ON, Canada
Water temperature forecast and historical data for Toronto Islands. Today's weather forecast and surface temperature report. Average monthly temperature
How the right-wing media 'hate virus' spreads | Opinion
She may never be the same. This past weekend we learned about an incident from May when three American citizens were hanging out at their apartment complex swimming pool, a mom and her two children, a little girl, 3, and a boy who was 7 years old. Mom was Muslim, so she wore a modest swimsuit and a hijab. Which infuriated Elizabeth Wolf, a 42-year-...
🔥 Jun 29, 2024 - From The Anarchist Library - Introduction Making the shift to the consensus decision-making process might be the most important thing that we can do to build a democratic society. Consensus can give us the power we need to focus our society’s attention on improving education, making peace, providing universal healthcare and creating…
China set to smash national hydrogen targets, solidifying lead in global electrolyzer market
Mainland China's national plan identifies hydrogen as a key element in its low-carbon energy transition strategy. The nation is committed to using hydrogen for decarbonization, with Rystad Energy projecting the installation of approximately 2.5 gigawatts (GW) of hydrogen electrolyzer capacity by the end of the year. This capacity is expected to produce 220,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) of green hydrogen, 6-kilotonnes-per-annum (ktpa) more than the rest of the world combined. Under its national plan, China is targeting green hydrogen production of 200,000 tpa by the end of 2025, but our analysis shows it will exceed that volume by the end of this year.
Since the emergence of social media, the spread of climate mis- and disinformation has been evolving dramatically. From TikTok greenwashing strategies by oil...
Jack Dorsey claims Bluesky is 'repeating all the mistakes' he made at Twitter
Just in case there was any doubt about how Jack Dorsey really feels about Bluesky, the former Twitter CEO has offered new details on why he left the board and deleted his account.
Criminalizing prostitution leads to an increase in cases of rape, study finds
Sweden's ban on the purchase of sex significantly increased reported rape offenses by approximately 44% to 62% between 1997 and 2014, suggesting unintended negative consequences of the legislation.
Over the past five years, exercise of the fundamental freedom of speech in Canada has been curbed and discouraged by a federal government increasingly intolerant of even the mildest criticism or disse
Biden Shields Millions of Acres of Alaskan Wilderness From Drilling and Mining - The New York Times
The administration has blocked a proposed industrial road needed to mine copper in the middle of the state, and has banned oil drilling on 13 million acres in the North Slope.