Quaker Stereotypes and Non-Quaker Representations

As radical antinomian sects, Ranters and Quakers were subjected to vivid, often hostile stereotyping in print in the 1650s, frequently through shared stereotypes of apocalyptic license and libertarian disorder. Stereotyping has continued to feature in their historical treatment: Colin Davis famously argued that contemporaries and historians had been duped; that Ranters ‘did not exist’ beyond the moral panic about them generated in print. Simultaneously, and paradoxically, the Quakers are seen as a homogeneous group, identifiable precisely through their own, careful, deployment in print of their status as Quakers. This chapter draws on recent scholarship arguing for stereotyping as a ubiquitous and meaningful process of political mobilisation and debate. It reveals that different authors, including those stereotyped as Ranters, used the stereotype for a variety of polemical and ideological purposes ranging from discipline and persecution to inclusion, persuasion and debate. Quaker ministers for their part deployed several ‘coping strategies’ to discuss and contest their religious identity with opponents and followers. As agents of their own stereotyping, Ranter and Quaker authors engaged rhetorically to appropriate and subvert key stereotypes in ways that fortified their religious identities, and sustained long-established and ideological disputes with opponents and putative supporters.

Preliminary sketch for Pl 4 of "Industry and Idleness" (1747), "The industrious 'prentice a favourite and entrusted by his master"; interior scene, to left, in a raised alcove, Goodchild standing beside a bureau, with West beside him, indicating with his right hand to the workroom of weavers and spinners, in the centre a sleeping dog, to right, a porter with rolls of silk Pen and brown ink, with grey wash over graphite

Parliamentary humbug is represented on the right, financial humbug on the left. In the foreground (right) is the corner of a building inscribed Parliament Street; outside it members of both Houses stand round a Bottomless Pit of Popery, from which snakes are emerging. Over this is a windlass, by which Lord Grey, dressed as a monk, pulls up a bucket heaped with papers inscribed Petition and Catholic Emancipation. Behind it stands Burdett, dressed (supposedly) as a Cardinal. Just behind him stands Brougham, a broom over his shoulder (cf. BM Satires 14769), saying, By the aid of St. Francis de Burdetta! A little to the left is the Duke of York, legs astride and arms extended, saying, So help me bob!!! [see BM Satires 14768]. Eldon stands behind him blowing a trumpet. A third lawyer and an unidentified man make up the group. Facing them stands a group of five near a large rolled Petition. In the centre is a table on which is a large Anti-Catholic Petition; on this a yokel in a smock adds an x to other x's, his hand guided by a man beside him. Close by (left) is a cask inscribed Mon . . . Mag . . . [? The Panoramic Miscellany or Monthly Magazine . . ., ed. Thelwall, 1 vol. 1826]. On the cask stands a slim man with arms extended, evidently John Thelwall (see BM Satires 10969), saying, My lectures on Elocution!! Beside the cask stands a man wearing a fool's cap and a long black cloak; he holds a large paint-brush and a pot inscribed B. Blackmantle Slobberer, showing that he is Westmacott (Molloy), see BM Satires 14921, &c. At his feet are papers inscribed Critical Cate and a book: Gal: Art. On the outskirts of the group on the left, a man clasping an umbrella, and holding out a book inscribed Life 2nd Vol, stands with one foot on a three-legged stool which tilts over; from his neck hang boxing-gloves, showing that he is Pierce Egan. At his feet are papers: Sporting Chr ... ; Life in London [see BM Satires 14320]. Near him a spectacled man (? Jonathan Richardson) stands behind a desk, declaiming from a book: Outinian Lectures. In the foreground (left) two financiers (one (left) is (?) N. M. Rothschild) are gleefully stirring a tub frothing with soapsuds. Beside them sits the Devil or Mammon seated on money-bags inscribed 500, 600, 400 0000, &c, and on bars (gold ingots). He has horns and cloven hoof, and a Jewish profile, and blows from a gold pipe a bubble inscribed Bread Co £8000 0000. Many other bubbles rise into the air; larger than all is a broken one inscribed Poyais [see BM Satires 15428]. Two men stand as if throwing them upwards. A quaker holds out a frying-pan (to show that he is Joseph Fry) from which rises a bubble inscribed Equitable Loan C° 450.000—[see BM Satires 14653, &c.]. The other bubbles are: Nth about Pearl Fishe[ry] 3 000 000; Sahara Rail Road 2 000 000; Hindoo Kiteflying 60000; Marriage Co £400 0000; Potosi Mining Co 1 000 000; Bottomless Pit Co—00000000; Burial Co £9000 0000. Behind the bubbles, and a pendant to 'Parliament Street' is a large building surrounded by a pillared cupola on which is a golden grasshopper (? symbolizing the Bank of England and with the sign of Martin's Bank). In the middle distance is a bridge over a river in which floats a brass pot inscribed Lottery. Across it goes a funeral procession headed by a man carrying a flag inscribed Exempli Gratia. On the coffin is a fool's cap; the pall is inscribed Hic Jacet Capital. Behind the pall-bearers and the chief mourner march four men in single file wearing fools' caps, inscribed respectively 500, 400, 400, 600; the first carries an axe against his shoulder inscribed Newga [Newgate] Market. Behind the bridge, and forming a background to the design, are hills, with a signpost (left) pointing (right) To Finchley; near this is a ship in full sail. Down one hill runs a train of ten coal-wagons drawn by a horse, and with a flag inscribed 50 miles, an hour. From behind the hills two churches linked by a rope are rising into the air tied to a balloon which approaches a crescent moon. 1 June 1825 Hand-coloured etching

The title continues: 'Or—A Sample of the Co-Operation to be expected in one of Mr Owen's Projected Paradises—Vide The Times & all the Papers'. Robert Owen stands on a table, his back to the Chairman of his meeting, and directed to the left; he holds a paper: 'New Views of Society by OWEN', his right arm curves above his head, the hand drooping in a curious gesture. Some of the audience sit on the left and right of the table, others crowd behind; many interrupt him. He says, with a complacent expression: "There is not a single Individual in existance who can even partially comprehend my Plan—I am not of your Politics—I am not of your Religion, nor of any Religion yet taught in the World—I move for a committee to consider the Subject—." The chairman sits behind him impassively, but the words "Chair! Chair No Politics No Politics" rise into the air from his closed lips. He holds a paper addressed: 'To the Member for Dover—Port Jackson'. [Sir John Jackson, M.P. for Dover, a London merchant and a Director of the E.I. Co., was in the chair.] On the extreme left stands Waithman, clutching a document inscribed 'Amendment', and saying, "Mr Chairman—I rode on my Hobby [this may be an early allusion to the velocipede, see No. 13399, patented in England in 1818] horse to town this morning for the purpose of opposing the worthy & benevolent Gentleman's Plans which (notwithstanding the observation which has so Swifly flown from the opposite Tower)— Is in my opinion entirely Political—I hold in my hand a bale of soft goods by way of amendment—a String of Resolutions some Yards long but which being Manufactured in the Old popular Machine are so well known to my customers I need not read them—Being a Man of Weight here I am sure to carry them." Swift, the man alluded to, answers from the extreme right, where he stands behind the bench against the table: "Yes I do hold a place in the Tower! am I on that account not to be heard here, or among Englishmen!!—The Plan before us is one of much Philanthropy, & has therefore nothing to do with Politics." He is a good-looking man, and holds a paper: 'Waterloo & other Poems—vide Swifts works'. On the left of the table in the foreground, and in front of Waithman, sits Hone, not caricatured, holding a paper docketed: 'Hone's Reformists Register—Mr Owens Plan'. He looks up, saying quietly: "Let us alone Mr Owen!" Next him, a man dressed as a Quaker and wearing a very broad-brimmed hat, stands on the bench, with clasped hands, saying, "What; not even a Quaker!!!— would'st thou Inoculate us with a pestilence like unto that experienced by those who sit cross legged on the shores of the Levant & amongst whom I have been." In his pocket is a paper: 'Report on Vaccination by Dr Walker'. Next him sits a large, coarse-featured fellow, clasping a paper inscribed 'Black Dwarf' to show that he is Wooler. He says: "what an incomparable yet incomprehensible plan! what great Co-Operation! why it will Remoralize Man! I hope that certain Great people May partake of it." Next, and at the corner of the table, sits Major Cartwright, with his spectacles pushed up on a wig simulating a thatch of natural hair. He says: "If I know any thing of Politics this is all—Politics & nothing but Politics!!" He clutches a paper: 'Reform in Parliament', and beside him are two papers: 'Petetion agst 486 members' and 'Westminster Meeting'. The next man, on the Chairman's right, is hidden by Owen. Before the Chairman is a paper: 'Majority for Mr Waithmans amendment'. All these figures appear to be careful portraits. Another prominent figure is a black man, in front of Swift, who stands with one foot on the table, one on the bench, shaking his fist at Owen; he says: "I understand Slavery well! my mother was a slave! This would be an improved system of Slavery—& without the solace of Reveal'd Religion & Faith—" From his pockets project books or papers: 'Wilbeforce [sic] on the Slave Trade' and 'New Testament'. Beside him on the bench is a young (?) Quakeress who flinches away from him, shocked or frightened. Behind on left and right are the heads of standing listeners, absorbed and in general dismayed. The profile of a parson is on the extreme right, next it is a lady wearing a fashionable feathered bonnet. A large window topped with carving and festooned drapery fills most of the background wall. October 1817. Etching.

A view of the pavement of Pall Mall seen from the cobbled roadway; it recedes slightly from left to right and is backed by part of the screen and façade of Carlton House, with part of the adjacent house on the extreme left on which is a door-plate inscribed Sherry [Sheridan]. On the pavement are three of the new gas-lamps; a tall post with three globes, one at the summit, flanked by two others on slender curving branches. In each globe is a triple flame. A fashionably dressed young man (left), points with his riding-whip, instructing the lady who holds his arm: The Coals being steam'd produces tar or paint for outside of Houses—the Smoke passing thro' water is deprived of substance and burns as you see. A fat Irishman turns to say to the speaker: Arrah honey if this man [Winsor] bring fire thro water we shall soon have the Thames and the Liffey burnt down—and all the pretty little Herrings & Whales burnt to cinders. A fat countryman (right) gazes up, saying, Wauns what a main pretty light it be. we have nothing like it in our Country. A lank Quaker on tiptoe, standing beside him, says: Aye Friend but it is all Vanity, what is this to the inward light. On the extreme right a flamboyant courtesan with her bare arms in a muff says to a buck who inspects her through his glass: If this light is not put a stop too—we must give up our business We may as well shut up shop. The man answers: True my dear not a dark corner to be got for love or money. There are other passers-by on the pavement, typical Rowlandson characters, one a parson of Dr. Syntax type, cf. No. 11507. Plate numbered 173. 23 December 1809? Hand-coloured etching

President Jefferson (left) stands on a dais addressing a group of four disgruntled men. Eight others, closely grouped (right) talk among themselves as much as to the President. They appear to be Members of Congress. Before Jefferson is a table covered with papers inscribed 'Pettition and Pettition New York'. Behind him is his presidential chair. He says, with extended arms: "Citizens - I am sorry I cannot call you my Lords & Gentlemen!! - This is a Grand Philosophical Idea - shutting our Ports against the English - if we continue the Experiment for about fifteen or twenty years, we may begin then to feel the good 'Effects' - in the mean time to prevent our sailors from being idle. I would advise you to imploy them in various works of husbandry &c by that means we may gain the protection of that great and mighty Emperor & King Napoleon!!" Napoleon crouches behind Jefferson's chair, saying, "You shall be King hereafter." A small dog, John 'Bull' (its collar so inscribed), barks "Bow Wow" at the President. The Congressmen say (Left to right): "How are we to Dispose of our produce; My warehouses are full; Yea friend thou may as well tell us to cut of our nose to be revenged of our face [a Quaker in a broad-brimmed hat]; My famely is Starving'; my Goods are Spoiling; It was not the case in Great Washintons time; we must speak to him in more 'forceble language'." 1 October 1808 Hand-coloured etching

Fifteen figures arranged in two rows, each with a caption: the words of the speaker etched below the name of his country. (1) A white-robed figure, with hands spread deprecatingly: 'Egypt. His extortions are abominable, I wish he was made a Mummy of!' [cf. BMSat 9352, &c.]. (2) A man, wearing a night-cap and a dressing-gown over Spanish dress, yawns and stretches: 'Spain. Bless me what a long time I've been taking & been dreaming about going to Peru.' (3) A man, wearing a bag-wig and old-fashioned dress, bows obsequiously: 'Italy. I bow to him with submissive respect.' (4) A Chinese in trousers stands impassively in profile: 'China Is not this Boonapar a famous robber.' (5) A man with a long pipe and gouty legs: 'Germany [Austria] I mean a great deal when I shake my head.' (6) A military officer puts a finger to his closed lips: 'Prussia. Mum.' (7) A post-boy, wearing jack-boots and heavily shackled, waves a bonnet rouge: 'France. Long live the Emperor - Vive La Liberté'!! (8) A Turk wearing a jewelled turban: 'Turkey. I quake whenever his name is mentioned.' (9) A man wearing fur cap, fur cloak, and fur-trimmed boots folds his arms: 'Russia I curse him one moment and am friends with him the next.' (10) An elderly military officer, wearing a long sword, stands hands on hips: 'Sweeden. Who's afraid!!' (11) 'A fat Dutch burgher, smoking a pipe, scowls reflectively: 'Holland For my part I dont know what to make of him.' (12) A man wearing a short jacket, trousers, and a long pigtail runs to the right.: 'Portugal I'm Off.' (13) A quaker stands full face with folded hands: 'America. Verily the Spirit doth move me to shake hands.' (14) An Oriental, wearing a turban and long trousers, stands full face: 'Assia I beg he may be kept at a distance.' (15) John Bull, a fat 'cit', stands with his hands in his waistcoat pockets, smiling dubiously: 'England I laugh at him, and defy him. but still I dont much like him.' 20 April 1808 Etching with hand-colouring

Portrait of Thomas Venner, half length in an oval, wearing helmet, armour, and holding a halberd and a book inscribed 'Biblia in Manu et Diabolum in Corde' ('The Bible in his hand, and the Devil in his heart'); at top of halberd a tablet entitled 'Conventicula Curiosa Anabaptistarum et Quackerorum' ('A strange gathering of Anabaptists and Quakers'), depicting a naked woman and Anabaptists and Quakers before a pulpit; at upper left, within an oval, the inscription 'Pietas et Paupertas Simulata' ('Piety and poverty pretended'). Etching

A committee room in 'St. Luke's' parish. A well-dressed man wearing top-boots stands pointing a challenging finger at a man, probably the Vestry Clerk, seated on the opposite side of a long table covered with green cloth on which are writing-materials and a statement of accounts. He asks: "Have you received the Forty-five Pounds for Bastardy of an adjoining Parish?" The Clerk answers, putting his hand on his heart, "Upon the word of an Honest Man I have not"; a demon clutches his shoulder and whispers in his ear: "Never mind telling a good fat Lie." High on the wall are two shelves, on each of which two men lie flat on their backs, facing each other in pairs. The upper shelf is inscribed 'Overseer laid on the Shelf'. On the lower shelf one overseer is 'A Rum-One', the other 'A Wood-en one'; the latter turns a large swivel eye on the Vestry Clerk below, saying, with a frown, "You have had the Money in your Pocket these Months past Johnny." At the far end of the table 'Two Auditors' whisper together. One has a loaf inscribed 'L W' for a head, the other the disk with an embossed sun of the 'Sun Fire Office'. They say: "We will pass the Acts right or Wrong." Papers on the table before the Vestry Clerk are inscribed 'Law Expences', with a large document headed 'Recd by Me John . . . ': '1809 - 1112. 15. 9 1810 . 369 - 1.9 1811 2223 - 2 - 6 1812 995 - 0- 0 not less then £4700 - 0. 0.' In the foreground (right) a bastardy payment is in progress. A well-dressed man gloomily gives an overseer a money-bag labelled £30. The overseer already furtively holds a bag labelled '£26. 5. 0'; at his feet are his broad-brimmed hat and a paper: 'Vestry Resolution passd against a Quaker Overseer'. Behind them stands a woman holding an infant, and watching the overseer with a sly smile. As a pendant (left) to this group is a rat with a human head (portrait) nibbling at one of a pile of large sacks of 'Parish Malt'; under his paws is a paper: 'A Doctor of Phisic'. It says: 'This is very good Malt, I'll have 3 of these Sacks sent to my house & one to an honest Friend of mine.' (The sacks are numbered '1' to '4'.) A stout woman wearing knee-breeches tugs at its tail, and it excretes a blast of medicine-bottles, one 'To be well Shaken when Taken', pill-boxes, and the words 'What will Mrs Grundy say?' These whizz between her legs. A lean elderly man stoops to peer through a telescope directed at her back; from his shoulder hangs a kettle, showing that he is a brazier. At his feet are the words: 'A Brazier Turned Philosopher'. In a recess at the back of the room (left) a meal or parish feast (cf. No. 8770, &c.) is in progress. Four men sit at a table on which is a sucking-pig. One wears a fool's cap, decorated with bells and the word 'Dunce'; he holds a birch-rod and a frothing tankard, and says: "The Beer Brew'd from the 12 Quarters is very weak the Brewer must have been -." His neighbour says: "Then Mix it with Brandy." Another says: "Oh, No two [sic] much like - we shall be smelt." His vis-à-vis remarks: 'Send for the Docter he's a Judge.' The 'Rum' overseer on his shelf swivels a huge eye down on this feast, grinning. Above their heads hangs a picture: 'Setting Sun'. A stout man points to the sun, which is setting behind a level horizon. It has three large rays inscribed respectively: 'Docter', 'Quaker', 'Lawyer'. On the opposite side of the room is another picture: 'A Picture intended to be hung up in the - to deter others from the like offence'; a doctor (one Smith) stands on his doorstep looking across the street to the Quaker overseer, who stands on his doorstep, wearing his broad-brimmed hat. Over the doctor's door is the word 'Dr. Malt', and a pestle and mortar, the usual sign of an apothecary. Over the overseer's door: 'Jimmy B Dealer in Stones'. The doctor exclaims: "I had the Malt"; the other says primly: "I had the Money." At the corner of the house a signpost points 'To St Lukes'; below it is a small pillory. 1812. Hand-coloured etching.

A young woman walking in a field, carrying a small basket of flowers in both hands, smiling towards the viewer, preceded by a leaping dog; trees behind and a stile to right. 1782 Mezzotint with some etching

Satire on the attempt to establish an Anglican episcopacy in the American colonies. A group of angry colonists push away from a quayside a ship named “The Hilsborough” (a reference to Wills Hill, Earl of Hillsborough, Secretary of State who had ordered troops to Boston in June 1768) On the ship is a large carriage with its wheels and a crosier and mitre beside it. A bishop is climbing the rigging saying “Lord, now lettest thou thy Servant depart in Peace” (Archbishop Secker who died in August 1768 had left £1000 to help establish a bishopric in North America). The colonists are shown as advocates of liberty of conscience and religious non-conformism: one waves a large book lettered “Sydney on Government”, another brandishes “Locke”; “Calvins Works” has already been thrown towards the bishop; another colonist waves a flag, topped with the cap of liberty and emblazoned with the words “Liberty & Freedom of Conscience”; a Quaker holds “Barclay’s Apology” saying “No Lords Spiritual or Temporal in New England”. A monkey on the quay holds a stone as if intending to throw it at the bishop. A paper lies on the ground lettered “Shall they be obliged to maintain Bishops that cannot maintain themselves”. The print appeared in the Political Register, 1769, facing p.119. Etching and engraving

Frontispiece to the second volume of "The Works of Mr Thomas Brown, containing letters from the dead to the living, both serious and comical" showing Charon ferrying a group of gentlemen across the River Styx. On the further bank stand three men who from the text of the book can be assumed to be the author, Tom Brown, and the recently dead comic actors Joe Haines and James Nokes, one dressed as Harlequin. On the left is part of a ruined church where, on the upper floor, the actor Antony Leigh (also recently dead) is shown preaching as if at Daniel Burgess's Presbyterian conventicle, while below an astrologer speaks to two well-dressed women; in the centre is a stage with a mountebank surrounded by an audience; on the right, a coffee house, with a woman seated behind a counter, two men at a table, and two others, who may be intended as the Quakers George Fox and James Naylor, approach. Etching and engraving

Vansittart stands with many documents under his crooked right arm, inscribed 'Lottery Tickets'; 'Lotte . .'; 'Gould Guinea Pipes'; 'Pipes of Wine'; 'Wine'; 'Puff Puff Puff'; 'Puff'. Under his left arm are many books inscribed 'Bible'. He wears his Chancellor of the Exchequer's gown, and in his left hand is a scroll inscribed 'Bible Tea—& Lottery Puffs for Ready Money only'. He is addressed by a lean quaker (left) and by a plump lottery contractor (right). He looks to the left, with a worried frown, extending his right palm in a deprecatory gesture. The quaker, much caricatured, stands with folded hands, saying: "Now do's'nt thee think the Sin. of Hypocrisy is the greatest of all Sin, why thee pretendeth to be Religious by Recommendation, & by Law, thee establisheth a system of Vice, fraud, & even of Death itself, by Lottery gambling, & that full of deception, & Chicanery, thee sayest I do it not, no verily, but thou havest others to do it for thee." Vansittart: "It is truely astonishing, what a quantity of Vice I can create for so little Money, I care not for the Immorality of the thing, if lean but get the Money!" The lottery contractor stands with right hand extended left in his breeches pocket; he exclaims: "Well done my Religious deciver [sic], never mind what that fellow says, we will do the dirty Work for you, so long as we are allowed by Law to make up the Lotteries our own way, and so artfully blind & decieve the People, as to make our £400,000 a Year by them, while you the Propagator of the Vice, only make £300,000, we make money enough to open Tea Shops, Cheap Shope [sic] and to gull the Public, in a hundred different way's beside." Papers hang from his coat-pocket: 'Scheme for a New Lottery Puff'; 'Tea and Puff'; 'Genuine Tea Puff'. At his feet: 'Tea without Sugar'. After the title: 'Now with Religious Zeal the Poor with Bible Crams, Then with false Lottery Puffs, the Poor he tempts & Damns. Querie, is not this a Subject for the Society for the Suppression of Vice? no,— they never meddle with the Vices of the great, but only punnish the little for immitating them.' 15 May 1819 Hand-coloured etching

Satire on religious hypocrisy. A minister, dressed in the manner of a Quaker with long hair and a broad-brimmed hat, is accosted by, on the left, an attractively dressed and smiling young woman who puts her arm on his shoulder and pulls at his sleeve with the other; he looks sidelong at her, while raising a hand, perhaps in blessing, towards an older woman, on the right, plainly-dressed, who grasps his arm with one hand while the other, holding "Whitefields Hymns", gestures towards George Whitfield's tabernacle (in Tottenham Court Road). In the background, to left, is a tavern with a sign reading, "the Old Goat new Revived" beside which hangs a bunch of grapes; an ass stands beneath the sign between a basket and a barrow of hay. 1 January 1773. Etching and engraving

A handsome strapping woman stands in the doorway of a brothel, a corner house of some size (right), tugging hard at the neck-cloth of a plainly dressed man, saying, "Wont you come, wont you come Mr Mug [a popular song, see No. 11205]." He leans back, pushing against the door-post, and the woman's chest, trying to escape, and saying: "Avaunt thee Satan." Two laughing prostitutes lean against him (left), pushing their posteriors against his, to prevent his escape; one of them, for better purchase, presses her hands and a foot against the post of the sign-board before the door. On this is a pictorial sign: 'Cat and Bagpipes'. A dog rushes barking towards the struggle. Behind (left), across the street, is a row of old houses with casement windows; washing hangs from a projecting pole. Plate numbered 317. 1 March 1814 Hand-coloured etching

Plate from the 'Scourge', vi. 349. The Lord Mayor, Scholey, sits enthroned, his chair framed in an alcove which forms the centre of the design. He wears a monkish gown over his dress and points above his head to a pair of scales where a quartern loaf is much lighter than a weight inscribed '4 lbs 5 oz 1/2'. The scales hang from the summit of the alcove, above which is the City shield held by two griffins. On a footstool in front of his dais the City Sword lies across the mace. Two men kneel on his right and left, their knees on the edge of the dais. On his right is a Quaker (a miller, corn-factor, or meal-man), with a bag inscribed 'Sample' in each hand. On his left is a baker, holding a large basket of loaves on his shoulders, and with a rolled document in his jacket pocket. The Mayor looks to the right, saying: "If you wish, my sons, for success in this world, or hope for happiness in the next, make no mental reservation—Maugre popularity, I will do my duty!" The baker answers: "What! must I confess all? Is there no hope of pardon without it? then I am undone indeed! for I have been very liberal in the use of alum—peas—potatoes—rice—nay stone—and sometimes deducted from the weight, &c—O L—d! O L—d! I wish I had been satisfied with plundering Sunday dishes!— [dishes baked for customers in his oven]." His loaves are marked 'W'. The Quaker: "Yea verily, friend I will confess and disburden my overcharged conscience.—I solemnly affirm that I have, all my life, been a strict worshipper in the Temple of Monopoly, erected by my forefathers; and albeit though I have never been scrupulous in my returns, and may occasionally have wanted wind and water to grind corn, I have never ceased to grind the public on every favourable opportunity—. Nha!" On the right (the Mayor's left) is a group of Corporation notables. Alderman Wood (left) turns to Quin to say: "I wonder Mr Q—n, that bakers have never introduced Quassia [see No. 10574, &c.]; it is a stomachic Wood, and I deal very largely in it." Quin (also prominent among the supporters of the Princess of Wales) answers: "None of your tricks upon an old "Traveller" [cf. No. 11657] —by Jasus, I think the state of the labouring poor is bitter enough already,— O that I had the brushing of their bums." Both men are fashionably dressed under their fur-bordered gowns. Curtis, wearing the sailor's dress of No. 11353, &c., stands in profile to the left, holding a bowl of steaming 'Turtle' soup, into which he dips a spoon; he says: "I wish they were as honest as I have been with my biscuits [cf. No. 11354], or you holy father in your contract for hops.—A speedy reformation to them all, and that soon, say I [see No. 11306]." A fourth man on the extreme right, dressed like Curtis, but holding his hat and an alderman's gown, puts his hand on Curtis's arm, saying, "Come! thats very good indeed!—I say brother trowsers, invite me to your next Turtle feast. I'll be sure to be in Time,—apropos your watch don't want repairing does it!" [He is probably an alderman belonging to the Clock-makers' Company.] Behind this group is a large open window through which is seen a street-corner inscribed 'Mark Lane' (site of the Corn Exchange). Two Quakers in broad-brimmed hats, stand primly with clasped hands, facing two other men. One Quaker says: "Verily there is a large supply of foreign Wheat and the price has fell." His vis-à-vis answers: "Then D—n you Aminadab werr'e dish'd!!!" On the left, a pendant to the Aldermen, stand a starving family, anxious to approach the Mayor. The man, lean and ragged, in clothes denoting the middle-class citizen, drops his hat and looks over his shoulder at his wife, exclaiming "Oh wherefore breathe we in a christian Land?" The ragged, emaciated woman is suckling an infant, and is in an advanced state of pregnancy; she answers: "Christians! I think for my part there are very few left among us, the [sic] have all turn'd Jews and Turks." Beside her is a girl, prematurely old, and behind are two boys, one gnawing a bare bone. Through the window behind them is seen a quay where a two-masted ship stands beside a warehouse from which sacks are being carried on board. On the extreme left a neatly dressed man, wearing top-boots, turns to a farmer, John Bull, who stands beside him; he points at the window, saying, "Look there Mr Bull! do you see whats going on Yonder the fish will not starve however." John answers: "Good Heavens that the bounty of Providence should be so abused." 1 November 1813 Hand-coloured etching

Above the design: Scene,—Meeting to explain the Elbow Lane affair. The quakers are seated on chairs (left), with one or two standing, the men wearing hats, the women bonnets; they register surprised or sanctimonious disapproval. Facing them a handsome young Irishman, fashionably dressed, wearing Hessian boots, stands (holding his hat) with his hands behind him, his back to a table on which are papers and a copy of the Times. A quaker (left) looks up at him, saying, Yea! verily Friend, the "Times" have been very hard upon one of us, in stateing that Obadiah had been with an Impure in Elbow Lane!! therefore I say unto thee point out the Naughty Man who had a hand in the thing, that we may know his name—or in verity declare to us how thou earnest to a knowledge of this foul affair. The young man answers: By the powers, I was there that Night myself, and know the Truth of it from Occular demonstration the Man is Quaking among you now, but I'm not going to expose such a tickelish affair, or you'd be after excommunicating the poor Devil out of your Squad, for obeying the agreeable dictates of Nature. I am a Reporter but no Informer, so find it out how you can. 'Obadiah', who betrays his anxiety by the position of his feet, looks sideways at a woman who exclaims: Oh! that there was no such place as Elbow Lane; a man adds: Yea! verely even so; two women: Verely! Jonothan beware of Elbow Lane!! and Fie oh fie. November 1 1825 Hand-coloured etching

A stout middle-aged man stands in profile to the right, holding a sheaf of bills in his left hand, inscribed in pen '£10000 London . . . Lords Comrs Treasury.' His right hand is in his breeches pocket. His top-hat has a wide brim and a slightly sloping crown. He wears top-boots. 1820 Hand-coloured etching

A copy of BM Satires 15447, uncoloured, reversed, signed. The position of the pictures on the wall is not reversed, one, as in BM Satires 15447, is Emancipation a farce; the other is reversed and altered: the nude traditional figures of Adam and Eve are Allen and Mrs. Birkbeck, the former naked but wearing a broad-brimmed hat, the other wearing a Quaker bonnet and a short petticoat. The inscriptions are as in BM Satires15447, with its pencil additions and corrections: 'hartshorne' becomes sal volatile. R. C's script is imitated. 5th March 1827 Etching

Broadside satire against non-conformists: A. in an upper room, top left, a conference of the Cabal (Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale) from which a ray of light shines down on the table in the centre of the print, and a ribbon, lettered "Root and Branch", extends to shake hands with another, lettered "Wee'll be true to you", which extends from the mouth of B. "Little Isaac" (Pennington) who looks out from a window at top right; beside him is C. a diminutive Pope who says "Courage mes enfans". In the centre, D., is a table, around which sit a committee of men representing Protestant sects (from left to right: [Lodowicke] Muggleton, a Ranter, a Quaker, an Anabaptist, a Presbyterian taking the chair, an Independent, a Fifth Monarchist, [James] Nailor and a naked Adamite) united by a ribbon over their heads which reads "Behold wee are a covenanting people"; the table is strewn with a number of papers on which are written "Church and Crown Lands", "Sequestrations", "Remonstrainces", "Petitions", "Court of Justice" and "Humiliation"; to the right a sheet fixed to the wall is lettered 'A solemn league and covenant ...'. Two pairs of petitioners, E., address the committee: on the left, a woman ("Elder's Mayd") saying "No Service Book" with a copy of "The Protestant Tutor" at her waist, is hand in hand with a dog ("Swash") saying "No Bishops"; on the right, is "The Colchester Wedding", a man saying "No Popish Lords" arm in arm with a mare saying "No Evill Councillors". Between the petitioners, F., the secretary to the committee (perhaps intended as Henry Care) is seated at a small table writing on a paper in an illiterate fashion; on his table is a monkey, a pipe and a broken pot. On the ground in the centre foreground is a pile of books, "Magna Carta", "Biblia Sacra", "Councills", "Laud against Fisher", "Hooker". At lower left, G., a group of men carrying clubs, banners lettered "Liberty Property", "Religion" "A Thorough Reformation", and bishop's mitre on a pole; in front of them, a poorly dressed man, holding the royal crown, leads [Sir Richard] Gurney, Viscount Stafford and Archbishop Laud in chains; on the ground lie a sceptre, an orb and a bust of Charles I. At lower right, H., a woman holds the head of a seated clergyman while he vomits up "Canons", "Common Prayer", "Surplice", "Apocrypha", "+ in Baptism"; pinned to his chest is a sign reading "Sequestered Livings" and to his left is, I., an open close stool from which little imps climb; on the wall behind him, partly concealed by curtains, are shelves with books lettered "Excise", "Army Accounts", "Directory", "Ordinances", "Journall", and two bottles of "A Cordial for ye Dr.", one "Widows Tears", the other "Blood of Orphans". Below, letterpress title, "The Explanation", and four columns of verses with key. 1680 Engraving and letterpress

Scene in the interior of a meeting room with a raised platform on the left and a window in the centre; the room is filled with Quakers of both sexes, the most prominent being a woman with a pointed hat standing on a stool at the left centre gesturing with her left arm towards the window. Mezzotint

The calf, garlanded with flowers, stands on a platform (right) supported on two tiers of large money-bags inscribed '100 000', '10 000', '1000', &c. It licks the hand of a young woman who kneels beside it, saying, "My Sweet Calf!!" Below, a man grovels on his knees, grasping one of the bags, while three other men, his sons, abase themselves just behind him (left). All wear black gowns and kneel on tasselled cushions. The chief worshipper, Clayton, says: "Mighty Calf of Gold I will give unto thee my fair Daughter in Marriage; if thou wilt settle on her £15,000 5 Pr Cents. & in case of her demise that my three sons shall have £30,000 devided amongst them and also that they be made Trustees to the Estate." The calf answers: "Worthy preist of Clay as she Stands A one copperd & well found it shall be so—I'll marry the whole family—& my wife shall manage my Money bags." One of the sons says: "I say Brothers this will be a snug thing if Sister kicks the Bucket £10,000 a piece my boys!!!!" Beside the worshippers lie two papers: 'Thou shalt not bow down to them & worship them &c.'; 'Thou shalt not make Gods of Silver . . . [&c.] Exodus Chap xx ver 23d'. On the wall (left) hangs a broad-brimmed hat and loose coat on the same peg, with the inscriptions: 'This Hat to be cut for the Simples' and 'This Coat to be turn'd'. There are also two prints. [1] 'Janson & the Golden Fleece.' A gouty Jason (Janson) drives two sheep up a gangway into a ship. [2] 'Methodists!!!!' Four little figures in clerical gowns (the Claytons) dance hand-in-hand round a pillar supporting a calf. Inscription on the wall: 'We eye Natures walks & Shoot folly as it flies.' 1819 Hand-coloured etching

A man standing in profile to left, his mouth wide open as if declaiming. Lank hair falls on his shoulders. He wears a low broad-brimmed hat, and is plainly dressed. His hands (gloved) appear to be clasped upon his stomach. 2 November 1771 Etching

A Another version (by Cruikshank), uncoloured. It has the additional inscription 'if the cap fits, wear it.' The Quaker overseer is wearing his hat; the items in the account are omitted, leaving the total '£4700. 0. 0.' The picture of 'Dr. Malt', &c. is reversed, the other picture is 'The Setting Sun - 1812', and there are other minor variations. 1812. Etching.

Two Quakers sit with clasped hands on opposite sides of a bare rectangular table, on which is a 'Gazette Extraordinary' [cf. BMSat 11034]. They have lank hair and melancholy expressions and wear broad-brimmed hats with plain cloaks and high-quartered buckled shoes. One (l.) asks: "Thinkst the friend Nathan they will try Sir Hew?" The other answers: "He has been tried Friend, and he will not do!!" October 1808 Hand-coloured etching

From the 'Wonderful Magazine' (a weekly publication, 1793-4), [Vol. i published by C. Johnson, vols. ii-v by Alexander Hogg] ii. 351. Sixteen whole length, figures, reprinted from the covers of sixteen issues of the magazine, arranged in two rows, all in profile, or directed to the right. Each holds a bell, and personates the parish bellman who was accustomed to present his clients at Christmas with a set of engraved verses. The verses were first printed, with the woodcut, on the cover of the weekly issue, afterwards reprinted to illustrate this folding plate. The name of each is printed over his head: 'A Spaniard', 'Sans Culotte', 'Stephen Stupid', 'Obadiah Prim' (a Quaker), 'C. J. Fox' (see BMSats 8530, 8622), 'W. Pitt' (see BMSat 8500), 'The Royal Bellman' (the King in his robes), 'Beef-Eater', 'A Welchman', 'Peter Pindar Esq.', 'Sir Jeff. Dunstan' (as in BMSat 5637), 'Jack Tar', 'An Irishman', 'A Scotchman', 'Harrison's Barber', 'A Blackguard'. Pitt and Peter Pindar hold copies of the Magazine. 1793 Woodcut

A shrewd and pleasant-looking man walks in profile to the right, hand in breeches pocket. He wears a low-crowned top-hat with broad brim, single-breasted coat, breeches with neat gaiters to the knee. Hand-coloured etching

Satire; two quakers conversing as if catechising, one wearing an extravagant waistcoat: 'Aminidab, how camest thou by that garment for the vain adornment of thine outward man?', '"I created it."', 'Created it friend?', '"Yea verily - for I said, "Let it be made, and it was made!!'. April 1830 Hand-coloured etching

Three men stand before a stone doorway inscribed Treasury, considering a petition from a paunchy, unpleasant-looking Quaker, who stands in profile to the left, thumbs and forefingers sanctimoniously together. The petition is held by a fashionably dressed MP (? Peel but not resembling him), who turns to a military officer beside him. The third is a short spectacled man holding a sheaf of blank cheques or cheque-forms (? Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer; portraits support without confirming the identification). The petition is The Humble Petition of —— See bottom* [below the title]: * That your petitioners feeling for the situation of the numerous Individuals, who have been brought to a state of the deepest Misery by Ignorantly, profligately gamblingly & Credulously trafficking in Shares of pretended Companies, published, & directed, by desining Knaves, your Petitnrs feeling for them, not for themselves, (having made ample fortunes by some of the said speculations) do earnestly entreat you to render them every assistance, in your power, by advancing money in small Notes (tho you have forbid the issuing of them,) or bills at discount or otherwise, on their various receipts, warrants, shares, & other fallacious documents, put forth by the said Compns to the end that the Respectable, Elevated, Dignified, Religious, Praiseworthy, Honest, &, Honorable, Directors, Chairmen, Banker, Solicitors, & Secretaries, may not be calld upon or troubled to explain, or otherwise expose, the secrets, of said Companies, and.—In a few day's will be pubd an Extrachan'ary trip from Warwick to Hertford [see BM Satires 15168], some curious scenes at the Opera House, & qui se resamble se assemble [sic]. Beside the Quaker stands (?) a solicitor, hat in hand, holding a brief-bag and with Briefs in his pocket. Victims of speculation stand behind against a wall, men, women, and children, starving and ragged, holding the papers of the companies by which they have been ruined; two men confer; one holds Equiable [sic] loan, see BM Satires 14653, &c, the other drops Gwennappe; a third holds Falcon Steam. A woman holds Egyptian, another Arigina and London Brick. Three small children hold respectively Scarlet Dye, Marine Bath, and Chilian. On the wall are two large bills: [1] New Company to Make Soup out of Flints, the Article plenty, profit immense, shares at a premium £45 each; Directors, Chairmen, &c &c. all MP's heads of Committees, Tip top Merchants, Bankers, Quakers, Religious Lawers, Naval projectors, &c &c. all acting pro bon pub [scored through] Sese [sic]. [2] 40,000 Shares in undermining Companys only 200 to be disposed of, at—£15 premium each, all the rest kept back. February 27 1826 Hand-coloured etching