12: Imperialism/World War I

12: Imperialism/World War I

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Report of Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
Report of Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
The Minnesota Commission of Public Safety (MCPS) was a watchdog group created in 1917. Its purpose was to mobilize the state's resources during World War I. During a two-year reign its members enacted policies intended to protect the state from foreign threats. They also used broad political power and a sweeping definition of disloyalty to thwart those who disagreed with them. - This is the official report of the Commission, a treasure trove for students and teachers alike. Have student skim through different sections of the report and come to their own conclusions about the home front in World War I - then test those conclusions in secondary sources
·archive.org·
Report of Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Minnesota Commission of Public Safety : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
The Allies' Armistice Demands - World War I Document Archive
The Allies' Armistice Demands - World War I Document Archive
These are the stipulations of the Armistice as announced by the German government. Teachers can share this with students and see what they notice. Would they bring attention to the fact that Germany is surrendering their entire navy and the Blockade still remained in effect? This means the starvation of German citizens continues
·wwi.lib.byu.edu·
The Allies' Armistice Demands - World War I Document Archive
Letter from Harry S. Truman to Bess Wallace, November 10, 1918. Truman Papers - Family, Business, and Personal Affairs Papers.
Letter from Harry S. Truman to Bess Wallace, November 10, 1918. Truman Papers - Family, Business, and Personal Affairs Papers.
"The Hun is yelling for peace like a stuck hog and I hope old daddy Foch makes him yell louder yet or throttles him one. Throttling would be too easy. When you see some of the things those birds did and then hear them put up the talk they do for peace it doesn't impress you at all. A complete and thorough threshing is all they've got coming and take my word they are getting it and getting it right."
·trumanlibrary.org·
Letter from Harry S. Truman to Bess Wallace, November 10, 1918. Truman Papers - Family, Business, and Personal Affairs Papers.
The House-Grey Memorandum, 1915-1916
The House-Grey Memorandum, 1915-1916
Colonel House's diary details meetings he had with President Wilson and the British foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Gray, regarding a proposal that the United States call a peace conference with the intention of using Germany's anticipated refusal to participate as a reason to go to war with Germany. Students could be presented with this evidence to see how they can reconcile it with Wilson's public insistence that the US is neutral. Teachers can themselves consider how they acknowledge the fact that a private citizen (House) operating only at the request of the presdient, is corresponding with leaders of beligerant nations at war regarding the territorial arrangements they want after the war. The redrawing of Europe's map occurs long before Versailles
I thought we had lost our opportunity to break with Germany, and it looked as if she had a better chance than ever of winning and if she did win our turn would come next; and we were not only unprepared, but there would be no one to help us stand the first shock.
·gwpda.org·
The House-Grey Memorandum, 1915-1916
Woodrow Wilson: Address to Naturalized Citizens at Convention Hall, Philadelphia
Woodrow Wilson: Address to Naturalized Citizens at Convention Hall, Philadelphia
Just a few days after the sinking of the Lusitania, Wilson made this speech as a ceremony in which hundreds of immigrants became American citizens. How does this relate to the Lusitania and America's entry to the war? How would Wilson's depiction of immigration stand up today?
·presidency.ucsb.edu·
Woodrow Wilson: Address to Naturalized Citizens at Convention Hall, Philadelphia
U.S. Policy on War Loans to Belligerents - World War I Document Archive
U.S. Policy on War Loans to Belligerents - World War I Document Archive
A short series of letters from Secretaries of State (first Bryan, then Lansing), bank officers and the Secretary of the Treasury concerning the advisability American bankers loaning to belligerents and the policy of neutrality. This could be a simple reading and analysis lesson - do economic relationships established through the extension of credit to nations at war contradict the policy of neutrality?
For the purpose of enabling them to make cash payments for American goods, the Bank is disposed to grant short time banking credits to European governments, both belligerent and neutral, and where necessary or desirable replenish their cash balances on this side by the purchase of short time Treasury warrants. Such purchases would necessarily be limited to the legal capacity of the bank and, as these warrants are bearer warrants without interest, they could not and would not be made the subject of a public issue. These securities could be sold abroad or be readily available as collateral in our foreign loans and would be paid at maturity in dollars or equivalent in foreign exchange. <br>
·wwi.lib.byu.edu·
U.S. Policy on War Loans to Belligerents - World War I Document Archive
Germany's Response to U.S. Ultimatum Regarding Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare, 4 May 1916
Germany's Response to U.S. Ultimatum Regarding Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare, 4 May 1916
Any teacher who actually reads the German response to Woodrow Wilson's protest of the sinking of the Sussex in the spring of 1915 would not use the phrase "pledge" (as in "Sussex Pledge") when teaching the incident because there is no use of the word "pledge" or promise this letter. Wilson referred to it as a pledge so as to shape American's understanding of the document, he did so with a purpose. What is remarkable is that Wilson not only changed the meaning of that document for Congress and the American people in 1915, but for generations of history students for (at least) the next century.
·firstworldwar.com·
Germany's Response to U.S. Ultimatum Regarding Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare, 4 May 1916
Records of the United States Food Administration | Series List | National Archives
Records of the United States Food Administration | Series List | National Archives
This page describes the United States Food Administration of World War I for the National Archives. Teachers could share this with students instead of a textbook to explore the relationship between the government and business during wartime. Using Meyers book "A World Remade" teachers can show students that southern Democrats were more effective in keeping high prices for cotton than midwestern congressmen were in protecting wheat farmers
·archives.gov·
Records of the United States Food Administration | Series List | National Archives
Berger v. United States (full text) :: 255 U.S. 22 (1921) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center
Berger v. United States (full text) :: 255 U.S. 22 (1921) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center
Look at the language used by a judge to describe a newspaper editor during World War I.
'If anybody has said anything worse about the Germans than I have, I would like to know it so I can use it.'
"One must have a very judicial mind indeed not to be prejudiced against the German-Americans in this country. Their hearts are reeking with disloyalty. This defendant is the kind of a man that spreads this kind of propaganda, and it has been spread until it has affected practically all the Germans
You are the same kind of a man that comes over to this country from Germany to get away from the Kaiser and war. You have become a citizen of this country and lived here as such, and now, when this country is at war with Germany, you seek to undermine the country which gave you protection. You are of the same mind that practically all the German-Americans are in this country, and you call yourselves German-Americans. Your hearts are reeking with disloyalty. I know a safe-blower, he is a friend of mine, who is making a good soldier in France. He was a bank robber for nine years, that was his business in peace time, and now he is a good soldier, and as between him and this defendant, I prefer the safeblowe
·supreme.justia.com·
Berger v. United States (full text) :: 255 U.S. 22 (1921) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center
Proceedings of the Congress of Constructive Patriotism: - The National Security League
Proceedings of the Congress of Constructive Patriotism: - The National Security League
The National Security League a patriotic and nationalistic organization that supported a greatly expanded military, universal service, naturalization and Americanization of immigrants and national preparedness. This document can be analyzed for evidence of some segments of American public opinion on the eve of America's involvement in World War I
·books.google.com·
Proceedings of the Congress of Constructive Patriotism: - The National Security League
American Rhetoric: Woodrow Wilson -- "Final Address in Support of the League of Nations"
American Rhetoric: Woodrow Wilson -- "Final Address in Support of the League of Nations"
Excerpts of this speech can be used in several lessons
I cannot say too often -- any man who carries a hyphen about with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready.
They come from many stocks, but they are all of one kind. They come from many origins, but they are all shot through with the same principles and desire the same righteous and honest things.
I find, moreover, that there is an organized propaganda against the League of Nations and against the treaty proceeding from exactly the same sources that the organized propaganda proceeded from which threatened this country here and there with disloyalty, and I want to say -
This is Wilson's way of saying "Fake News"!
·americanrhetoric.com·
American Rhetoric: Woodrow Wilson -- "Final Address in Support of the League of Nations"
The Only Way to Defend Against Russia’s Information War - The New York Times
The Only Way to Defend Against Russia’s Information War - The New York Times
Students should be informed of od-ed pieces like to know how vital their work is
Instead of “rapid information operations,” the United States should work to systematically rebuild analytical skills across the American population and invest in the media to ensure that it is driven by truth, not clicks.
The fight starts in people’s minds, and the molding of them. In K-12 curriculums, states should encourage a widespread refocusing on critical reading and analysis skills for the digital age. Introductory seminars at universities should include a crash course in sourcing and emotional manipulation in the media. Similar courses could be created as professional development for adults, beginning with state employees. Large corporations could be offered government incentives to participate, too.
·nytimes.com·
The Only Way to Defend Against Russia’s Information War - The New York Times
How the Horrific 1918 Flu Spread Across America | History | Smithsonian
How the Horrific 1918 Flu Spread Across America | History | Smithsonian
Truth and falsehood are arbitrary terms....The force of an idea lies in its inspirational value. It matters very little if it is true or false
Against this background, while influenza bled into American life, public health officials, determined to keep morale up, began to lie
More than 12,000 Philadelphians died—<span style="font-size: 1em;">nearly all of them in six weeks.</span>
·smithsonianmag.com·
How the Horrific 1918 Flu Spread Across America | History | Smithsonian
Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu | History | Smithsonian
Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu | History | Smithsonian
The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed 675,000 Americans in a matter of months. In today's America, that would mean 1.75 million. The event belongs in the US survey course, and this article can be an element in a lesson that deals with censorship of the press, public health planning or the social effects of an epidemic that was do deadly the average life expectancy of Americans dropped
·smithsonianmag.com·
Philadelphia Threw a WWI Parade That Gave Thousands of Onlookers the Flu | History | Smithsonian
1918 - Wilson's 14 Points in Walter Lippmann's handwriting
1918 - Wilson's 14 Points in Walter Lippmann's handwriting
Files this alongside the question of Alexander Hamilton's role in the writing of Washington's Farewell Address. This is the 14 points of WIlson, written in Walter Lippman's handwriting, Lippman, as Assistant Secretary of War, worked on the "Inquiry" project, which forecast what the world would look like following the war. He is credited with drafting the 14 points. The accreditation "Wilson's" 14 points is incorrect
·images.library.yale.edu·
1918 - Wilson's 14 Points in Walter Lippmann's handwriting
Edward L. Bernays and the Committee of Public Information
Edward L. Bernays and the Committee of Public Information
The manipulation of American public opinion during World War I could be a powerful and relevant lesson for 21st century students, yet it lies outside of the taught narrative canon. This site and the links from it can inspire teachers to find the primary documents to catalyze a powerful learning experience that speaks directly to students' lives today
·criticalthink.info·
Edward L. Bernays and the Committee of Public Information
Why Teddy Roosevelt Tried to Bully His Way Onto the WWI Battlefield
Why Teddy Roosevelt Tried to Bully His Way Onto the WWI Battlefield
Most students encounter Teddy Roosevelt's military bravado in the Spanish American War because the taught narrative canon stresses it. "Rough Riders" and "This country needs a war" can be found on many worksheets and standardized tests. This article describes his efforts to raise, organize and lead a force into battle at the start of American involvement in World War I. For teachers, this is a lite read that broadens understanding of TR, for students, it can show how many political leaders beyond the president are involved in foreign policy. They'll notice the way in which TR communicates with and uses Congress to pass legislation for him.
·smithsonianmag.com·
Why Teddy Roosevelt Tried to Bully His Way Onto the WWI Battlefield
German WWI veteran describes killing a French corporal during a bayonet charge and articulates his view on war as a whole : CombatFootage
German WWI veteran describes killing a French corporal during a bayonet charge and articulates his view on war as a whole : CombatFootage
This 5 minute video a German veteran recounting his bayoneting of a French Corporal in World War I is riveting. It would fit well with Wilfred Own poetry or "All Quiet" excerpts, exploring what it was like for soldiers to kill each other up close. This should also be included with explanations of the new technology of warfare. It's an effective tool to communicate the personal impact of the war without being graphic
·reddit.com·
German WWI veteran describes killing a French corporal during a bayonet charge and articulates his view on war as a whole : CombatFootage