Evidence of organized social media manipulation campaigns which have taken place in 70 countries, up from 48 countries in 2018 and 28 countries in 2017.

A handful of sophisticated state actors use computational propaganda for foreign influence operations. Facebook and Twitter attributed foreign influence operations to seven countries (China, India, Iran, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) who have used these platforms to influence global audience

China’s new-found interest in aggressively using Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube should raise concerns for democracies

Around the world, go v ernment actors are using social media to manufactur e consensus, aut omate suppr ession, and undermine trust in the liberal international order.

manipulating public opinion

use computational propaganda for political purposes.

strategies, tools, and techniques of computational propaganda,

The use of computational propaganda to shape public attitudes via social media has become mainstream, extending far beyond the actions of a few bad actors. In an information environment characterized by high volumes of information and limited levels of user attention and trust, the tools and techniques of computational propaganda are becoming a common – and arguably essential – part of digital campaigning and public diplomacy.

As a result, we suggest that computational propaganda has become a ubiquitous and pervasive part of the digital information ecosystem.

(1) to suppress fundamental human rights; (2) to discredit political opposition; and (3) to drown out political dissent.

Although there is nothing necessarily new about propaganda, the affordances of social networking technologies – algorithms, automation, and big data – change the scale, scope, and precision of how information is transmitted in the digital age.

eam size estimates of 300,000-2,000,000 people working in local and regional offices

The primary explanation of such asymmetric polarization is more likely politics and culture than technology.

Use of disinformation by partisan media sources is neither new nor limited to the right wing, but the insulation of the partisan right-wing media from traditional journalistic media sources, and the vehemence of its attacks on journalism in common cause with a similarly outspoken president, is new and distinctive.

Our data strongly suggest that most Americans, including those who access news through social networks, continue to pay attention to traditional media, following professional journalistic practices, and cross-reference what they read on partisan sites with what they read on mass media sites.

<div data-type="text" class="card paragraph-spacing collection-item "><div class="card-content font-flag"><p>“There is really no person of intelligence or goodwill who believes there is not a problem,” he said after the hearing. “The real question is, what do we do about it?”</p> </div> </div> <div data-type="text" class="card paragraph-spacing collection-item "> <div class="card-content font-flag"> <p> The state and plaintiffs — who include the Latino Action Network and NAACP New Jersey State Conference, among other advocacy groups — have agreed on the statistics that are the basis of the lawsuit.</p> </div> </div> <div data-type="text" class="card paragraph-spacing collection-item "> <div class="card-content font-flag"> <p> In 2016-17, almost one-quarter of black public school students in New Jersey attended schools that were more than 99% nonwhite, with another quarter attending schools that were 90% to 99% nonwhite, according to the suit. </p></div></div>

Filed by the Latino Action Network, the NAACP New Jersey State Conference, and other plaintiffs, the lawsuit argues that New Jersey has been "complicit" in creating and maintaining "one of the most segregated public school systems in the nation."

New Jersey might have an exceptionally favorable environment for such a challenge, legal experts say. The state constitution explicitly prohibits segregation in public schools

the suit names Camden, Lawnside, and Woodlynne as districts with better than 90 percent nonwhite pupil populations, with at least 64 percent living in poverty. More than three-quarters of the pupils in the state-controlled Camden district are enrolled in schools almost absent of whites,

It also contends that all pupils, "including white students," are harmed by "homogeneous learning and social environments" that "produce a two-way system of racial stereotyping, stigma, fear, and hostility that obscures individuality and denies all concerned the recognized benefits of diversity in education."

The proportion of students in New Jersey attending schools that are less than 10 percent white has risen "almost continuously" since 1990, according to a report by Tractenberg. The percentage of schools enrolling less than 10 percent white students has more than doubled since the 1989-90 school year.

New Jersey's&nbsp;growing diversity — 45 percent white students last year, down from 52 percent in 2010-11 —

During a recession, a significant decline in economic activity spreads across the economy and can last from a few months to more than a year. Similarly, during an expansion, economic activity rises substantially, spreads across the economy, and usually lasts for several years.