The individual user relies on the information flowing through their phone to make their choices, and their decisions then feed back into the overall system.
What is happening here is more than an abstract flow of information. It is more than a means of surveillance. It is more than a price mechanism. Rather, it’s as if the air traffic control and insurance commission functions of the IBM 650 have been fused, shrunk, and wholly generalised. This is the real computing revolution. Much of what we do is immediately authenticated as we do it, stored as data, classified or scored on some sort of scale, and deployed in real time to modulate some outcome of interest – usually, the behaviour of a person, or a machine, or an organisation.
The tyranny may come, instead, from digital platforms that enhance individualism and interpersonal competition to such a degree that our ability to form meaningful social bonds and to act together has been fundamentally altered.
The sociologist Angèle Christin has described savage online battles between vegan influencers who push the envelope of vegan purity or expose their rivals as secret meat-eaters.
What began as a celebration of individual uniqueness that avidly encouraged the production of digital evidence is evolving into an elaborate system of verification that will treat any trace as a potentially suspect record.
The advent of generative AI possibly worsens the epistemic challenge: when everything must be authenticated, but fakes get more sophisticated all the time, how do we know anything?
For all its problems, if you asked any scholar whether they would go back to a fully pre-digital, pre-networked world of knowledge-sharing, academic communication and data availability, the answer would overwhelmingly be ‘absolutely not’.
While the sense of searching online as a form of active, critical thinking has persisted, for some, finding good information can be difficult.
Seeking some meaningful truth, people search for significant clues scattered across the internet, using commercial algorithms and recommender systems to connect the disparate pieces of information they venture upon into some sort of coherent worldview.
Because the firms training them desperately need to make money, the familiar business logics of personalisation and tiered benefits are likely to reassert themselves, with customised epistemic universes now served up by models catering to publics with particular tastes and different abilities to pay.
The main casualty is the possibility of broad-based, stable political alliances. The more citizens are treated, individually, as objects of market intervention, the more disaggregated politics becomes.
As the deployment of digital technologies continues to generate ever-more stratospheric concentrations of wealth, the masses sink deeper into the void left by the evisceration of social solidarity and the rise of automation.