Social Web

Description On this page you will find articles relating to aviation medicine and human physiology.

Description On this page you will find articles on Human Factors Training. You may find further information of interest in the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) toolkit: "Operators Guide to Human Factors in Aviation".

Description On this page you will find articles on the subject of Organisation and Human Performance.

Description On this page you will find articles on the subject of Models for Human Factors. You may find further information of interest in the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) toolkit: "Operators Guide to Human Factors in Aviation".

Description On this page you will find articles on the subject of Design Philosophy. You may find further information of interest in the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) toolkit: "Operators Guide to Human Factors in Aviation".

Description On this page you will find articles on the subject of Human Behaviour - factors which affect personal performance but also affect interaction with others, which often defines overall safety performance. For a wider view of content in the Human Performance Portal see the separate article Human Performance. You may find further information of interest in the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) toolkit: "Operators Guide to Human Factors in Aviation".

Description An Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) has three components: An autonomous or human-operated control system which is usually on the ground or a ship but may be on another airborne platform; An Unmanned Aircraft (UA); A command and control (C2) system - sometimes referred to as a communication, command and control (C3) system - to link the two. These systems include, but are not limited to, Remotely Piloted Air Systems (RPAS) in which the UA is controlled by a 'pilot' using a radio data link from a remote location. UAS can also include an autonomously controlled UA or, more likely, a semi autonomous UA. In recent years, the tendency to refer to any UA as a Drone has developed but the term is not universally considered appropriate. UAs can vary in size from those which can be hand launched to purpose built or adapted vehicles the size of conventional fixed or rotary wing aircraft. For further informaiton read the entry article about Unmanned Aerial Systems.

Description This category contains articles covering various aspects of Emergency and Contigency. The articles are grouped together under the following sub-categories: Aircraft Emergency & Unusual Situations Emergency Response Planning ANS Contingency Planning To select a sub-category of articles use the filter in the right data block.

Description On this page you will find articles on the subject of Weather. If you are a new vistor to this SKYbrary category, a good starting point is the entry level article Weather. Based on the specific weather-related topics the articles listed below have been assigned to the following sub-categories: Icing, Turbulence, Volcanic Ash, Weather Risk Management, Weather Phenomena, Cloud Formation, Climatic Phenomena and Atmosphere. To select a sub-category use the filter in the right data block. Because of their nature, some articles are listed in more than one sub-category.

Description All aircraft generate vortices at the wing tips as a consequence of producing lift. The heavier the aircraft and the slower it is flying, the stronger the vortex. Among other factors, the size of the vortex is proportional to the span of the aircraft which generates it. At low altitudes, vortices generally persist for as long as 80 seconds, but in very light or calm wind conditions, they can last for up to two and a half minutes. Once formed, vortices continue to descend until they decay (or reach the ground). Decay is usually rapid and occurs more quickly in windy conditions. Cross-winds can carry a vortex away from the flight path of the aircraft. Wake vortices are also a hazard at en-route altitudes: For further informaiton read the lead article about Wake Vortex Turbulence.

Description ICAO defines a Runway Incursion as: “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft”. A general overview of the topic can be found in the article Runway Incursion. Based on the specific aspects of runway incursion the articles listed below have been assigned to the following sub-categories: Airport Design and Infrastructure, Preventing Incorrect Presence on Runway, Runway Incursion Safety Nets, Organisational Defences Against Runway Incursion and Wrong Runway Use. To select a sub-category use the filter in the right data block. Because of their nature, some articles are listed in more than one sub-category.

Description Runway excursions can occur on takeoff or on landing as well as during taxi. They consist of two types of events: Veer-Off: Excursion in which an aircraft departs the physical edges of a runway/taxiway. Overrun: Excursion in which an aircraft departs the end of a runway In view of the above, the articles related to runway excursions have been assigned to the following sub-categories: Overrun on Take Off: A departing aircraft fails to become airborne or successfully reject the take off before reaching the end of the runway. Overrun on Landing: A landing aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway is reached. Veer Off: An aircraft departs the side of the runway after touchdown on landing or departs the side of the runway during line-up or the take off run. To select a sub-category use the filter in the right data block. Because of their nature, some articles are listed in more than one sub-category.

Description Loss of separation between aircraft occurs whenever specified separation minima are breached. Minimum separation standards for airspace are specified by ATS authorities, based on ICAO standards. Types of Loss of Separation Loss of separation between aircraft normally occurs when both the horizontal and the vertical minima are breached (the exception being composite separation) and may ultimately result in a mid air collision. A Level Bust is one scenario where a loss of separation occurs, leading potentially to a mid air collision. Loss of separation from notified airspace is dealt with under Airspace Infringement. Loss of separation from the ground is dealt with under Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT). Loss of separation between aircraft on the ground is dealt with under Ground Operations and Runway Incursion. Wake vortex, which may be a consequence of loss of separation between aircraft on the same track, is covered in the category: Wake Vortex Turbulence. For further information read the lead article about Loss of Separation.

Description On this page you can see all the articles related to the subject of Loss of Control. While many of the subjects covered within this risk category are not in themselves loss of control issues, the mishandling of those events could very rapidly result in a loss of control situation. Loss of control in flight is a major cause of fatal aircraft accidents. Loss of control usually occurs because the aircraft enters a flight regime which is outside its normal envelope. For further information read the lead article about Loss of Control.

Definition A level bust is defined by EUROCONTROL as: Any unauthorised vertical deviation of more than 300 feet from an ATC flight clearance. Description A level bust occurs when an aircraft fails to fly at the level to which it has been cleared, regardless of whether actual loss of separation from other aircraft or the ground results. Level busts are also known as Altitude Deviations. For further information read the lead article about Level Bust.

Description Airworthiness may be defined as the fitness of an aircraft for flight in all the environments and circumstances for which it has been designed and to which it may therefore be exposed. An Airworthy aeroplane is one which is fit to fly. For further information read the entry article about Airworthiness.

Description Ground Operations involves all aspects of aircraft handling at the airport, as well as aircraft movement around the aerodrome except on active runways. The safety challenges of ground operations are partly associated directly with those operations; for example, ensuring that aircraft are not involved in collisions and that the jet efflux from large aircraft does not endanger small ones. Even more important, ground operations are about preparing aircraft for departure in such a way that the subsequent flight will be safe; for example, correct loading of cargo and baggage, sufficient and verified fuel of adequate quantity and quality and the correct use of ground deicing and anti-icing facilities, where appropriate. For further, general information about the safety challenges associated with ground operaitons read the entry article Ground Operations.

Description The effect of fire, smoke or fumes on an aircraft, its passengers and crew can range from inconsequential to catastrophic depending upon the type and the severity of the event, crew actions and the degree of their success, and, in the event of an uncontrollable in-flight fire, the time lapse between discovery of the fire and an on or off airfield landing. A general overview of the topic is given in the article "Fire, Smoke and Fumes". Within this risk category, the hazards associated with fire, smoke and fumes are discussed in articles grouped under the following sub-categories: Operational Fires, Post Crash Fires, Combustion Related Smoke, Non Combustion Related Fumes and Fire Protection. To select a sub-category use the filter in the right data block. Because of their nature, some articles may be listed in more than one sub-category.

Description Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle. The pilots are generally unaware of the danger until it is too late. Most CFIT accidents occur in the approach and landing phase of flight and are often associated with non-precision approaches. Many CFIT accidents occur because of loss of situational awareness, particularly in the vertical plane, and many crash sites are on the centreline of an approach to an airfield. Lack of familiarity with the approach or misreading of the approach plate are common causal factors, particularly where the approach features steps down in altitude from the initial approach fix to the final approach fix. For further information read the lead article about Controlled Flight Into Terrain.

On this page you will find articles on the subject: Wildlife Strike. Description A wildlife strike is a collision between an animal (most often a bird, but sometimes another species) and a man made vehicle, especially aircraft. Wildlife strikes constitute a serious hazard to aircraft safety and have caused a number of fatal accidents. For further information read the lead article about Wildlife Strike.

Description Airspace infringement occurs when an aircraft penetrates an area into which special clearance is required without having such clearance. For further information read the lead article about Airspace Infringement.

Description "The passage of voice and/or data between an aircraft and a ground station such as air traffic control or aircraft operating agency." ICAO Annex 10 – Aeronautical Communications defines air ground communication as “Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth.” For further information read the lead article about Air Ground Communication.

SKYbrary supports improved safety risk awareness and mitigation by offering insight into the main safety hazards, such as loss of control, CFIT, loss of separation and mid-air collision, runway excursion, runway collision, in-flight fire, airspace infringement, air-ground communication failures, drones and ground collision. SKYbrary articles describe the aviation safety hazards in terms of causal and contributory factors, effects on safety aircraft operations and humans, safety barriers and risk mitigation solutions. Primary focus is the operational safety improvement in the domains of air traffic management, flight operations and human performance. However, safety management, safety promotion and sharing of safety knowledge, safety improvement tools and safety regulation have been addressed, too.

SKYbrary supports improved safety risk awareness and mitigation by offering insight into the main safety hazards, such as loss of control, CFIT, loss of separation and mid-air collision, runway excursion, runway collision, in-flight fire, airspace infringement, air-ground communication failures, drones and ground collision. SKYbrary articles describe the aviation safety hazards in terms of causal and contributory factors, effects on safety aircraft operations and humans, safety barriers and risk mitigation solutions. Primary focus is the operational safety improvement in the domains of air traffic management, flight operations and human performance. However, safety management, safety promotion and sharing of safety knowledge, safety improvement tools and safety regulation have been addressed, too.

Before you sell, give away, or trade in your iPad, delete your content and settings.