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How I used o3 to find CVE-2025-37899, a remote zeroday vulnerability in the Linux kernel’s SMB implementation
How I used o3 to find CVE-2025-37899, a remote zeroday vulnerability in the Linux kernel’s SMB implementation
In this post I’ll show you how I found a zeroday vulnerability in the Linux kernel using OpenAI’s o3 model. I found the vulnerability with nothing more complicated than the o3 API – no scaffolding, no agentic frameworks, no tool use. Recently I’ve been auditing ksmbd for vulnerabilities. ksmbd is “a linux kernel server which implements SMB3 protocol in kernel space for sharing files over network.“. I started this project specifically to take a break from LLM-related tool development but after the release of o3 I couldn’t resist using the bugs I had found in ksmbd as a quick benchmark of o3’s capabilities. In a future post I’ll discuss o3’s performance across all of those bugs, but here we’ll focus on how o3 found a zeroday vulnerability during my benchmarking. The vulnerability it found is CVE-2025-37899 (fix here), a use-after-free in the handler for the SMB ‘logoff’ command. Understanding the vulnerability requires reasoning about concurrent connections to the server, and how they may share various objects in specific circumstances. o3 was able to comprehend this and spot a location where a particular object that is not referenced counted is freed while still being accessible by another thread. As far as I’m aware, this is the first public discussion of a vulnerability of that nature being found by a LLM. Before I get into the technical details, the main takeaway from this post is this: with o3 LLMs have made a leap forward in their ability to reason about code, and if you work in vulnerability research you should start paying close attention. If you’re an expert-level vulnerability researcher or exploit developer the machines aren’t about to replace you. In fact, it is quite the opposite: they are now at a stage where they can make you significantly more efficient and effective. If you have a problem that can be represented in fewer than 10k lines of code there is a reasonable chance o3 can either solve it, or help you solve it. Benchmarking o3 using CVE-2025-37778 Lets first discuss CVE-2025-37778, a vulnerability that I found manually and which I was using as a benchmark for o3’s capabilities when it found the zeroday, CVE-2025-37899. CVE-2025-37778 is a use-after-free vulnerability. The issue occurs during the Kerberos authentication path when handling a “session setup” request from a remote client. To save us referring to CVE numbers, I will refer to this vulnerability as the “kerberos authentication vulnerability“.
·sean.heelan.io·
How I used o3 to find CVE-2025-37899, a remote zeroday vulnerability in the Linux kernel’s SMB implementation
[CVE-2025-37752] Two Bytes Of Madness: Pwning The Linux Kernel With A 0x0000 Written 262636 Bytes Out-Of-Bounds
[CVE-2025-37752] Two Bytes Of Madness: Pwning The Linux Kernel With A 0x0000 Written 262636 Bytes Out-Of-Bounds
CVE-2025-37752 is an Array-Out-Of-Bounds vulnerability in the Linux network packet scheduler, specifically in the SFQ queuing discipline. An invalid SFQ limit and a series of interactions between SFQ and the TBF Qdisc can lead to a 0x0000 being written approximately 256KB out of bounds at a misaligned offset. If properly exploited, this can enable privilege escalation. Spray sfq_slots in kmalloc-64 to prevent an immediate kernel crash when the bug is triggered. Prevent a type-confused skb from being dequeued by reconfiguring the TBF Qdisc. Drop TBF rate and add packet overhead before the OOB write occurs. Use the 0x0000 written 262636 bytes OOB to corrupt the pipe->files field of a named pipe, free the pipe, cause page-level UAF and get arbitrary R/W in that page. Reclaim the freed page with signalfd files and use the page-level R/W primitive to swap file->private_data with file->f_cred. * Get root by overwriting the process credentials with zeros via signalfd4().bounds at a misaligned offset. If properly exploited, this can enable privilege escalation.
·syst3mfailure.io·
[CVE-2025-37752] Two Bytes Of Madness: Pwning The Linux Kernel With A 0x0000 Written 262636 Bytes Out-Of-Bounds
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
Magnet Goblin Targets Publicly Facing Servers Using 1-Day Vulnerabilities
Magnet Goblin Targets Publicly Facing Servers Using 1-Day Vulnerabilities
  • Magnet Goblin is a financially motivated threat actor that quickly adopts and leverages 1-day vulnerabilities in public-facing services as an initial infection vector. At least in one case of Ivanti Connect Secure VPN (CVE-2024-21887), the exploit entered the group’s arsenal as fast as within 1 day after a POC for it was published. Campaigns that we were able to attribute to this actor targeted Ivanti, Magento, Qlink Sense and possibly Apache ActiveMQ. Analysis of the actor’s recent Ivanti Connect Secure VPN campaign revealed a novel Linux version of a malware called NerbianRAT, in addition to WARPWIRE, a JavaScript credential stealer. * The actor’s arsenal also includes MiniNerbian, a small Linux backdoor, and remote monitoring and management (RMM) tools for Windows like ScreenConnect and AnyDesk.
·research.checkpoint.com·
Magnet Goblin Targets Publicly Facing Servers Using 1-Day Vulnerabilities
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
oss-sec: [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory
oss-sec: [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory
An issue has been discovered in the Linux kernel that can be abused by unprivileged local users to escalate privileges. The issue is about Netfilter nf_tables accepting some invalid updates to its configuration.
·seclists.org·
oss-sec: [CVE-2023-32233] Linux kernel use-after-free in Netfilter nf_tables when processing batch requests can be abused to perform arbitrary reads and writes in kernel memory
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
In our previous article Yet another bug into Netfilter, I presented a vulnerability found within the netfilter subsystem of the Linux kernel. During my investigation, I found a weird comparison that does not fully protect a copy within a buffer. It led to a heap buffer overflow that was exploited to obtain root privileges on Ubuntu 22.04.
·randorisec.fr·
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
Microsoft has discovered several vulnerabilities, collectively referred to as Nimbuspwn, that could be chained together, allowing an attacker to elevate privileges to root on many Linux desktop endpoints. Leveraging Nimbuspwn as a vector for root access could allow attackers to achieve greater impact on vulnerable devices by deploying payloads and performing other malicious actions via arbitrary root code execution.
·microsoft.com·
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
On Feb. 4, Linux announced CVE-2022-0492, a new privilege escalation vulnerability in the kernel. CVE-2022-0492 marks a logical bug in control groups (cgroups), a Linux feature that is a fundamental building block of containers. The issue stands out as one of the simplest Linux privilege escalations discovered in recent times: The Linux kernel mistakenly exposed a privileged operation to unprivileged users.
·unit42.paloaltonetworks.com·
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
In our previous article Yet another bug into Netfilter, I presented a vulnerability found within the netfilter subsystem of the Linux kernel. During my investigation, I found a weird comparison that does not fully protect a copy within a buffer. It led to a heap buffer overflow that was exploited to obtain root privileges on Ubuntu 22.04.
·randorisec.fr·
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
Microsoft has discovered several vulnerabilities, collectively referred to as Nimbuspwn, that could be chained together, allowing an attacker to elevate privileges to root on many Linux desktop endpoints. Leveraging Nimbuspwn as a vector for root access could allow attackers to achieve greater impact on vulnerable devices by deploying payloads and performing other malicious actions via arbitrary root code execution.
·microsoft.com·
Microsoft finds new elevation of privilege Linux vulnerability, Nimbuspwn
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
This is the story of CVE-2022-0847, a vulnerability in the Linux kernel since 5.8 which allows overwriting data in arbitrary read-only files. This leads to privilege escalation because unprivileged processes can inject code into root processes. It is similar to CVE-2016-5195 “Dirty Cow” but is easier to exploit. The vulnerability was fixed in Linux 5.16.11, 5.15.25 and 5.10.102.
·dirtypipe.cm4all.com·
The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability — The Dirty Pipe Vulnerability documentation
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
On Feb. 4, Linux announced CVE-2022-0492, a new privilege escalation vulnerability in the kernel. CVE-2022-0492 marks a logical bug in control groups (cgroups), a Linux feature that is a fundamental building block of containers. The issue stands out as one of the simplest Linux privilege escalations discovered in recent times: The Linux kernel mistakenly exposed a privileged operation to unprivileged users.
·unit42.paloaltonetworks.com·
New Linux Vulnerability CVE-2022-0492 Affecting Cgroups: Can Containers Escape?
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall
In our previous article Yet another bug into Netfilter, I presented a vulnerability found within the netfilter subsystem of the Linux kernel. During my investigation, I found a weird comparison that does not fully protect a copy within a buffer. It led to a heap buffer overflow that was exploited to obtain root privileges on Ubuntu 22.04.
·randorisec.fr·
[CVE-2022-34918] A crack in the Linux firewall