Covid19-Sources

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Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study
Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study
Our results provide support for high effectiveness of BNT162b2 against hospital admissions up until around 6 months after being fully vaccinated, even in the face of widespread dissemination of the delta variant. Reduction in vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time is probably primarily due to waning immunity with time rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.
·thelancet.com·
Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study
(2) Diego Bassani, PhD 🏠😷 💉 💉 auf Twitter: "In the US there have been 532 paediatric influenza deaths in the last 3 seasons (48 months; 11 deaths/month) and 561 paediatric COVID-19 deaths since the pandemic began (20 months; 28 deaths/month). https://t.co/ONNUZzdBhO" / Twitter
(2) Diego Bassani, PhD 🏠😷 💉 💉 auf Twitter: "In the US there have been 532 paediatric influenza deaths in the last 3 seasons (48 months; 11 deaths/month) and 561 paediatric COVID-19 deaths since the pandemic began (20 months; 28 deaths/month). https://t.co/ONNUZzdBhO" / Twitter
In the US there have been 532 paediatric influenza deaths in the last 3 seasons (48 months; 11 deaths/month) and 561 paediatric COVID-19 deaths since the pandemic began (20 months; 28 deaths/month). https://t.co/ONNUZzdBhO
·twitter.com·
(2) Diego Bassani, PhD 🏠😷 💉 💉 auf Twitter: "In the US there have been 532 paediatric influenza deaths in the last 3 seasons (48 months; 11 deaths/month) and 561 paediatric COVID-19 deaths since the pandemic began (20 months; 28 deaths/month). https://t.co/ONNUZzdBhO" / Twitter
2021
2021
·medrxiv.org·
2021
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and COVID-19 Burden in the United States
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and COVID-19 Burden in the United States
Background: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are mitigation strategies used to reduce the spread of transmissible diseases. The relative effectiveness of specific NPIs remains uncertain. Methods: We used state-level Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and mortality data between January 19, 2020 and March 7, 2021 to model NPI policy effectiveness. Empirically derived breakpoints in case and mortality velocities were used to identify periods of stable, decreasing, or increasing COVID-19 burden. The associations between NPI adoption and subsequent decreases in case or death velocities were estimated using generalized linear models accounting for weekly variability shared across states. State-level NPI policies included: stay at home order, indoor public gathering ban (mild >10 or severe ≤10), indoor restaurant dining ban, and public mask mandate. Results: 28,602,830 cases and 511,899 deaths were recorded. The odds of a decrease in COVID-19 case velocity were significantly elevated for stay at home (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.63-2.52), indoor dining ban (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25-2.10), public mask mandate (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47-3.23), and severe gathering ban (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.31-2.16). In mutually adjusted models, odds remained elevated for stay at home (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.07) and public mask mandate (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41). Stay at home (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.53-2.62; AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.25-2.87) was also associated with greater likelihood of decrease in death velocity in unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions: NPIs employed in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic, most significantly stay at home orders, were associated with decreased COVID-19 burden. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Authors deny receiving payment or services from a third party for any aspect of the submitted work. No external or internal funding was received for this work. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The UCLA IRB reviewed a request for exemption and granted this exemption. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data referred to in the manuscript can be made available by request at the discretion of the authors.
·medrxiv.org·
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and COVID-19 Burden in the United States
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha and Delta variant transmission
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha and Delta variant transmission
Background Pre-Delta, vaccination reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from individuals infected despite vaccination, potentially via reducing viral loads. While vaccination still lowers the risk of infection, similar viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals infected with Delta question how much vaccination prevents onward transmission. Methods We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected index cases using contact testing data from England. We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate the impact of index case and contact vaccination on transmission, and how this varies with Alpha and Delta variants (classified using S-gene detection/calendar trends) and time since second vaccination. Results 51,798/139,164(37.2%) contacts tested were PCR-positive. Two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines in Alpha variant index cases independently reduced PCR-positivity in contacts (aOR, adjusted odds ratio vs. unvaccinated=0.18[95%CI 0.12-0.29] and 0.37[0.22-0.63] respectively). The Delta variant attenuated vaccine-associated reductions in transmission: two BNT162b2 doses reduced Delta transmission (aOR=0.35[0.26-0.48]), more than ChAdOx1 (aOR=0.64[0.57-0.72]; heterogeneity p
·medrxiv.org·
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha and Delta variant transmission
Evidence of lung perfusion defects and ongoing inflammation in an adolescent with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Evidence of lung perfusion defects and ongoing inflammation in an adolescent with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Although more patients are surviving COVID-19, there are emerging data on a substantial proportion of patients with persisting, and often debilitating, symptoms and sequelae for months following acute COVID-19. This scenario is commonly referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or long COVID.1 Some of the most commonly reported symptoms are fatigue, weakness, breathlessness, chest pain, and concentration impairment. Several independent studies have shown the existence of PASC, with chronic inflammation and chronic endothelial disease suggested among the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of this multifaceted condition.
·thelancet.com·
Evidence of lung perfusion defects and ongoing inflammation in an adolescent with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
No Significant Difference in Viral Load Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Groups Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant
No Significant Difference in Viral Load Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Groups Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant
We found no significant difference in cycle threshold values between vaccinated and unvaccinated, asymptomatic and symptomatic groups infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta. Given the substantial proportion of asymptomatic vaccine breakthrough cases with high viral levels, interventions, including masking and testing, should be considered for all in settings with elevated COVID-19 transmission. ### Competing Interest Statement Dr. DeRisi reports being a scientific advisor to the Public Health Co. and a scientific advisor to Allen & Co. Dr. Havlir reports non-financial support from Abbott outside of the submitted work. The other authors declare no competing interests. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Healthy Yolo Together, the University of California, San Francisco, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, and The University of California, Davis. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: HYT: The Genome Center laboratory that conducted COVID-19 testing was CLIA approved as an extension to the Student Health Center laboratory. The UC Davis IRB Administration determined that the study met criteria for public health reporting and was exempt from IRB review and approval. UeS: The UC San Francisco Committee on Human Research determined the study met criteria for public health surveillance. All participants provided informed consent for testing. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data are available in the Supplementary Materials.
·medrxiv.org·
No Significant Difference in Viral Load Between Vaccinated and Unvaccinated, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Groups Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant
COKIBA
COKIBA
Wir fördern Wissenschaft. Über die Klinikgrenze hinaus. Und wir kümmern uns. Mit vernetzter Forschung um das Wohl unserer Patienten. Denn bei uns steht stets der Mensch im Fokus.
·we-care.de·
COKIBA
Four SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce quantitatively different antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Four SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce quantitatively different antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Emerging and future SARS-CoV-2 variants may jeopardize the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. We performed a head-to-head comparison of the ability of sera from individuals vaccinated with either one of four vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222 or Ad26.COV2.S) to recognize and neutralize the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs; Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta). Four weeks after completing the vaccination series, SARS-CoV-2 wild-type neutralizing antibody titers were highest in recipients of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 (median titers of 1891 and 3061, respectively), and substantially lower in those vaccinated with the adenovirus vector-based vaccines AZD1222 and Ad26.COV2.S (median titers of 241 and 119, respectively). VOCs neutralization was reduced in all vaccine groups, with the largest (5.8-fold) reduction in neutralization being observed against the Beta variant. Overall, the mRNA vaccines appear superior to adenovirus vector-based vaccines in inducing neutralizing antibodies against VOCs four weeks after the final vaccination. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ZonMw (no. 10430022010023 no. 10150062010002 no. 91818627) the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (no. INV-002022 no. INV008818 no. INV-024617) the Amsterdam UMC through the AMC Fellowship and the Corona Research Fund the European Unions Horizon 2020 program (no. 101003589). ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The S3 study, the COSCA study and the RECoVERED study were approved by the medical ethical review board of the Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL73478.029.20, NL73281.018.20 and NL73759.018.20, respectively). All participants provided written informed consent. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data are available in the main text or supplementary materials. Reagents used in this study are available upon reasonable request under an MTA with Amsterdam UMC.
·medrxiv.org·
Four SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce quantitatively different antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Divergence of delta and beta variants and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in prolonged infection into distinct serological phenotypes
Divergence of delta and beta variants and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in prolonged infection into distinct serological phenotypes
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve variants of concern (VOC) which escape antibody neutralization and have enhanced transmission. One variant may escape immunity elicited by another, and the delta VOC has been reported to escape beta elicited immunity. Systematic mapping of the serological distance of current and emerging variants will likely guide the design of vaccines which can target all variants. Here we isolated and serologically characterized SARS-CoV-2 which evolved from an ancestral strain in a person with advanced HIV disease and delayed SARS-CoV-2 clearance. This virus showed evolving escape from self antibody neutralization immunity and decreased Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine neutralization sensitivity. We mapped neutralization of evolved virus and ancestral, beta and delta variant viruses by antibodies elicited by each VOC in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals. Beta virus showed moderate (7-fold) and delta slight escape from neutralizing immunity elicited by ancestral virus infection. In contrast, delta virus had stronger escape from beta elicited immunity (12-fold), and beta virus even stronger escape from delta immunity (34-fold). Evolved virus had 9-fold escape from ancestral immunity, 27-fold escape from delta immunity, but was effectively neutralized by beta immunity. We conclude that beta and delta are serologically distant, further than each is from ancestral, and that virus evolved in prolonged infection during advanced HIV disease is serologically close to beta and far from delta. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is diverging into distinct serological phenotypes and that vaccines tailored to one variant may become vulnerable to infections with another. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This study was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates award INV-018944 (AS), National Institutes of Health award R01 AI138546 (AS), South African Medical Research Council awards (AS, TdO, PLM) and National Institutes of Health U01 AI151698 (WVV). PLM is supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and the NRF (Grant No 9834). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples and plasma samples were obtained from hospitalized adults with PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were enrolled in a prospective cohort study approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee at the University of KwaZulu Natal (reference BREC/00001275/2020). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data available in the manuscript, GISAID SARS-CoV-2 sequence repository, or upon reasonable request from the authors.
·medrxiv.org·
Divergence of delta and beta variants and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in prolonged infection into distinct serological phenotypes
Waning immunity of the BNT162b2 vaccine: A nationwide study from Israel
Waning immunity of the BNT162b2 vaccine: A nationwide study from Israel
Background Starting December 2020, Israel began a mass vaccination campaign against coronavirus administering the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine, which led to a sharp curtailing of the outbreak. After a period with almost no SARS-CoV-2 infections, a resurgent COVID-19 outbreak initiated mid June 2021. Possible reasons for the breakthrough were reduced vaccine effectiveness against the Delta variant, and waning immunity. The aim of this study was to quantify the extent of waning immunity using Israel’s national-database. Methods Data on all PCR positive test results between July 11-31, 2021 of Israeli residents who became fully vaccinated before June 2021 were used in this analysis. Infection rates and severe COVID-19 outcomes were compared between individuals who were vaccinated in different time periods using a Poisson regression, stratifying by age group and adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results The rates of both documented SARS-CoV-2 infections and severe COVID-19 exhibit a statistically significant increase as time from second vaccine dose elapsed. Elderly individuals (60+) who received their second dose in March 2021 were 1.6 (CI: [1.3, 2]) times more protected against infection and 1.7 (CI: [1.0, 2.7]) times more protected against severe COVID-19 compared to those who received their second dose in January 2021. Similar results were found for different age groups. Conclusions These results indicate a strong effect of waning immunity in all age groups after six months. Quantifying the effect of waning immunity on vaccine effectiveness is critical for policy makers worldwide facing the dilemma of administering booster vaccinations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement No funding. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Sheba Medical Center. Helsinki approval number: SMC-8228-21. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Aggregated data are given in the supplementary information. Personal data cannot be shared due to privacy.
·medrxiv.org·
Waning immunity of the BNT162b2 vaccine: A nationwide study from Israel
(5) Ofra Amir auf Twitter: "A new pre-print of a study showing a detailed analysis of waning immunity in Israel: https://t.co/3OwrnDTpV6 TL/DR: infection rate and severe disease rates both significantly increase with vaccine age (thread)" / Twitter
(5) Ofra Amir auf Twitter: "A new pre-print of a study showing a detailed analysis of waning immunity in Israel: https://t.co/3OwrnDTpV6 TL/DR: infection rate and severe disease rates both significantly increase with vaccine age (thread)" / Twitter
A new pre-print of a study showing a detailed analysis of waning immunity in Israel: https://t.co/3OwrnDTpV6 TL/DR: infection rate and severe disease rates both significantly increase with vaccine age (thread)
·twitter.com·
(5) Ofra Amir auf Twitter: "A new pre-print of a study showing a detailed analysis of waning immunity in Israel: https://t.co/3OwrnDTpV6 TL/DR: infection rate and severe disease rates both significantly increase with vaccine age (thread)" / Twitter
(5) מואיז הקטן ® auf Twitter: "---Severe COVID-19 patients, ages 12-60 in ISRAEL--- . Only 19% of the population are unvaccinated and are responsible for 78% of the severely hospitalized. . Only 2 patients under the age of 20 so without them it is only 15% who are not vaccinated. https://t.co/NX4EQ2uIjg" / Twitter
(5) מואיז הקטן ® auf Twitter: "---Severe COVID-19 patients, ages 12-60 in ISRAEL--- . Only 19% of the population are unvaccinated and are responsible for 78% of the severely hospitalized. . Only 2 patients under the age of 20 so without them it is only 15% who are not vaccinated. https://t.co/NX4EQ2uIjg" / Twitter
---Severe COVID-19 patients, ages 12-60 in ISRAEL--- . Only 19% of the population are unvaccinated and are responsible for 78% of the severely hospitalized. . Only 2 patients under the age of 20 so without them it is only 15% who are not vaccinated. https://t.co/NX4EQ2uIjg
·twitter.com·
(5) מואיז הקטן ® auf Twitter: "---Severe COVID-19 patients, ages 12-60 in ISRAEL--- . Only 19% of the population are unvaccinated and are responsible for 78% of the severely hospitalized. . Only 2 patients under the age of 20 so without them it is only 15% who are not vaccinated. https://t.co/NX4EQ2uIjg" / Twitter
(4) Yair Lewis auf Twitter: "@EricTopol @CellCellPress Adding some context from Israel: 1. The analysis by Israel MoH specifically stated that symptomatic infections weren’t analysed d/t data issues 2. VE for severe disease is 94% after 6m+ in 40-59yo, accdn’g to Israel MoH analysis https://t.co/Tga9vb6Flv" / Twitter
(4) Yair Lewis auf Twitter: "@EricTopol @CellCellPress Adding some context from Israel: 1. The analysis by Israel MoH specifically stated that symptomatic infections weren’t analysed d/t data issues 2. VE for severe disease is 94% after 6m+ in 40-59yo, accdn’g to Israel MoH analysis https://t.co/Tga9vb6Flv" / Twitter
@EricTopol @CellCellPress Adding some context from Israel: 1. The analysis by Israel MoH specifically stated that symptomatic infections weren’t analysed d/t data issues 2. VE for severe disease is 94% after 6m+ in 40-59yo, accdn’g to Israel MoH analysis https://t.co/Tga9vb6Flv
·twitter.com·
(4) Yair Lewis auf Twitter: "@EricTopol @CellCellPress Adding some context from Israel: 1. The analysis by Israel MoH specifically stated that symptomatic infections weren’t analysed d/t data issues 2. VE for severe disease is 94% after 6m+ in 40-59yo, accdn’g to Israel MoH analysis https://t.co/Tga9vb6Flv" / Twitter
Bilanz des PEI: Deutlich mehr Kinder mit Impfreaktion als mit COVID-19-Diagnose im Krankenhaus
Bilanz des PEI: Deutlich mehr Kinder mit Impfreaktion als mit COVID-19-Diagnose im Krankenhaus
Herzentzündungen, Embolien und die ersten Toten: Nach Beginn der Impfkampagne für Kinder und Jugendliche ab zwölf Jahren häufen sich die Verdachtsmeldungen möglicher Impfschäden auch in dieser Altersgruppe. Das geht aus dem neuen Bericht des Paul-Ehrlich-Instituts bis Ende August hervor. Und wahrscheinlich ist das nur die Spitze des Eisbergs.
·de.rt.com·
Bilanz des PEI: Deutlich mehr Kinder mit Impfreaktion als mit COVID-19-Diagnose im Krankenhaus
Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance database
Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance database
Summary Background Vaccination against COVID-19 is the cornerstone to control and mitigate the ongoing pandemic. Thrombotic adverse events linked to Moderna, Pfizer and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine have been documented and described as extremely rare. While the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine has received much of the attention, the other vaccines should not go unchallenged. This study aimed to determine the frequency of reported thrombotic adverse events and clinical outcomes for these three COVID-19 vaccines, namely, Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca Methods A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted of spontaneous reports for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines submitted to the EudraVigilance database in the period from 17 February to 14 June 2021. Findings There were 729,496 adverse events for the three vaccines, of which 3,420 were thrombotic, mainly Oxford-AstraZeneca (n=1,988; 58.1%) followed by Pfizer (n=1,096; 32.0%) and Moderna (n=336; 9.8%). As serious adverse events, there were 705 reports of pulmonary embolism for the three vaccines, of which 130 reports (18.4%) were for Moderna, 226 reports (32.1%) for Pfizer and 349 (49.5%) for Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. The occurrence of pulmonary embolism is significantly associated with a fatal outcome (P=
·medrxiv.org·
Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance database