Covid19-Sources

ZyCoV-D ist der Vorbote einer Reihe von DNA-Impfstoffen gegen verschiedene Krankheiten

Da es gerade bzgl. der Varianten etwas durcheinander geht. Kolumbianische Variante B.1.621 ist nicht Lambda (C.37) und auch nicht Kappa (B.1.617.1). Übersicht über die Spike-Mutationen und Vgl. mit Alpha (B.117), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), Gamma (P.1) und Lambda (C.37) ⬇️ pic.twitter.com/VfieTDjcF1— Jan Hartmann (@pelagicbird) August 7, 2021

Two COVID-19 antivirals in pill form are now in Phase 3 trials, raising hopes that a proven oral treatment will soon be available to quell SARS-CoV-2 infection. 20210903lnp2-molnup.jpg Merck & Co. with partner Ridgeback Biotherapeutics are well into a Phase 3 trial of molnupiravir as a treatment for people who are in early infection. The firms announced this week that they are enrolling uninfected people who live with someone who is COVID-19 positive in a new Phase 3 trial to test the small molecule’s ability to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. 20210903lnp2-struct.jpg Pfizer’s PF-07321332, in combination with the HIV antiviral ritonavir, has begun Phase 2/3 testing as a treatment for people who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 but who are less likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19. As the pandemic reaches the 18-month mark, there is still only one antiviral approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat COVID-19. Remdesivir, from Gilead Sciences, is an injectable drug that must be given in a hospital setting. COVID-19 starts off as a viral infection that can be mild, but it progresses in many people to an inflammatory disease that can kill. Some clinicians have said that by the time someone is hospitalized and eligible to receive remdesivir, the inflammatory symptoms have taken over, thwarting the antiviral’s effect. Having an antiviral in pill form would take the burden off hospitals, says Daria Hazuda, an antiviral expert and vice president of infectious disease discovery at Merck. A pill would also be easier to disseminate to patients and be easier to take, bolstering compliance.

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On August 30, 2021, the WHO classified the SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant (B.1.621 lineage) as a new variant of interest. The WHO defines "comparative assessment of virus characteristics and public health risks" as primary action in response to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants (https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/). Here, we demonstrate that the Mu variant is highly resistant to sera from COVID-19 convalescent and BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals. Direct comparison of different SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins revealed that Mu spike is more resistant to serum-mediated neutralization than all other currently recognized variants of interest (VOI) and concern (VOC). This includes the Beta variant (B.1.351) that has been suggested to represent the most resistant variant to convalescent and vaccinated sera to date (e.g., Collier et al, Nature, 2021; Wang et al, Nature, 2021). Since breakthrough infection by newly emerging variants is a major concern during the current COVID-19 pandemic (Bergwerk et al., NEJM, 2021), we believe that our findings are of significant public health interest. Our results will help to better assess the risk posed by the Mu variant for vaccinated, previously infected and naive populations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Phylogenetic analysis of complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes provides evidence that superspreading profoundly influenced epidemic spread.

Nature Medicine - In an observational cohort of pregnant women in Israel, the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine was found to have effectiveness similar to that seen in the general population.

6·92% of a cross-sectional sample of the population of Wuhan developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with 39·8% of this population seroconverting to have neutralising antibodies. Our durability data on humoral responses indicate that mass vaccination is needed to effect herd protection to prevent the resurgence of the epidemic.

Background The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic was shaped by superspreading events including large-scale outbreaks. In Germany the first SARS-CoV-2 outbreak was a superspreading event in a rural area during indoor carnival festivities in February 2020. Methods 51 days after the event all known participants were asked to give blood samples, pharyngeal swabs and answer a self-administered questionnaire. Metric room coordinates for all tables, seats, and ventilation-points were assessed. Findings We analyzed infection rates among all 411 participants, and the risk of infection in relation to various factors including age, alcohol consumption, and ventilation system. Overall, 46% (n=186/404) of the participants had been infected. We demonstrate that the spatial distribution of infected participants was associated with proximity to the ventilation system (represented as inverse distance, with Odds Ratio OR 1.39, 95% KI [0.86; 2.25]). Interestingly, the risk of infection was highly associated with age, whereby children (OR: 0.33 [0.267; 0.414]) and young adults (age 18-25) had a lower risk of infection than older participants resulting in an average infection risk increase of 28% per 10 years age difference. Behavioral differences also impacted the risk of infection including time spent outside (OR: 0.55 [0.33; 0.91]) or smoking (OR: 0.32 [0.124; 0.81]). Interpretation Our findings underline the importance of proper indoor ventilation for events in the future. The lower susceptibility for children and young adults indicates their limited involvement in superspreading events. Funding The government of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) supported the study with 65,000 Euro. Evidence before this study The scientific literature was searched for the term “superspreading event AND Covid-19 OR Sars Cov 2” and identified published papers from China, South Korea, Europe, and North America. Most researchers analyzed superspreading events within a health care setting e.g. in hospitals or nursing homes, or described the general impact of superspreading events on the global pandemic. Only a few metanalyses of transmission clusters analyzed party occasions (e.g. a nightclub in Berlin, Germany) as superspreading events. These reports describe less than 100 infections and are very limited due to missing data or reporting biases. Therefore, the ability to draw scientific conclusions is also limited. Additionally, to our knowledge, there are no studies, which investigated individual behavior, the location, and role of children during a superspreading event. The research for the study started April 2020 and was concluded in June 2021. Added value of this study Our report analyzes the first COVID-19 superspreading event in Germany in detail, which was not only a unique setting but also included children and adults in the same room. We demonstrate that nearly half of the participants were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that the proximity of the seating to the ventilation system was an important risk factor for infection. The data showed that low physical distance including singing and duration of attendance at this event increased the risk of infection, while regular smoking and spending the break of the event outside lowered the risk of infection. This underlines the benefit of airing to lower the amount of both droplets and aerosols. Furthermore, we found lower infection in children than adults despite being in the same room suggesting differences in infectability in children. Indeed, we observed that an additional 10 years of age is on average associated with 28% increased risk of infection. Implications of all the available evidence Taken together, the results demonstrate the importance of the ventilation system during superspreading events. In particular children and young adults had a lower risk of infection during the event indicating that they have a limited role during this pandemic. Overall, our data demonstrate in detail age-dependent infectability as well as highlights to understand transmission dynamics in order to improve comprehensive public health preparedness measures. ### Competing Interest Statement The government of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) supported the study with 65,000 Euro. The idea, the plan, the concept, protocol, the conduct, the data analysis, and the writing of the manuscript of this study were independent of any third parties, including the government of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. ### Funding Statement The government of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) supported the study with 65,000 Euro. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn approved the study (approval number 085/20). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The data contain information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. Data sharing restrictions imposed by national and trans-national data protection laws prohibit general sharing of data. However, upon submission of a proposal to the principal investigator of this study and approval of this proposal by (i) the principal investigator, (ii) the Ethics Committee of the University of Bonn and (iii) the data protection officer of the University Hospital Bonn, data collected for the study can be made available to other researchers. The Insitute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn has full access to all of the data.

Neurologic involvement is well-recognized in COVID-19. This article reviews the neuroimaging manifestations of COVID-19 on CT and MRI, presenting cases from the New York City metropolitan region encountered by the authors during the first surge of the pandemic. The most common neuroimaging manifestations are acute infarcts with large clot burden and intracranial hemorrhage, including microhemorrhages. However, a wide range of additional imaging patterns occur, including leukoencephalopathy, global hypoxic injury, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum, olfactory bulb involvement, cranial nerve enhancement, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The described CNS abnormalities largely represent secondary involvement from immune activation that leads to a prothrombotic state and cytokine storm; evidence for direct neuroinvasion is scant. Comorbidities such as hypertension, complications of prolonged illness and hospitalization, and associated supportive treatments also contribute to the CNS involvement in COVID-19. Routine long-term neurologic follow-up may be warranted, given emerging evidence of long-term microstructural and functional changes on brain imaging after COVID-19 recovery.

The Spectrum of Neuroimaging Findings on CT and MRI in Adults With COVID-19Because death is not the only outcome.Because a picture is worth a thousand words.Because a brain is a terrible thing to waste. #COVID19 https://t.co/8a3ViBPniB pic.twitter.com/sD5J9KxETM— Tom Folan (@tomfolanmd) September 5, 2021

In Belgium, high-risk contacts of an infected person were offered PCR-testing irrespective of their vaccination status. We estimated vaccine effective…

Although clinical trials and real-world studies have affirmed the effectiveness and safety of the FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines, reports of breakthrough infections and persistent emergence of new variants highlight the need to vigilantly monitor the effectiveness of these vaccines. Here we compare the effectiveness of two full-length Spike protein-encoding mRNA vaccines from Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) in the Mayo Clinic Health System over time from January to July 2021, during which either the Alpha or Delta variant was highly prevalent. We defined cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals from Minnesota (n = 25,589 each) matched on age, sex, race, history of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, and date of full vaccination. Both vaccines were highly effective during this study period against SARS-CoV-2 infection (mRNA-1273: 86%, 95%CI: 81-90.6%; BNT162b2: 76%, 95%CI: 69-81%) and COVID-19 associated hospitalization (mRNA-1273: 91.6%, 95% CI: 81-97%; BNT162b2: 85%, 95% CI: 73-93%). In July, vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization has remained high (mRNA-1273: 81%, 95% CI: 33-96.3%; BNT162b2: 75%, 95% CI: 24-93.9%), but effectiveness against infection was lower for both vaccines (mRNA-1273: 76%, 95% CI: 58-87%; BNT162b2: 42%, 95% CI: 13-62%), with a more pronounced reduction for BNT162b2. Notably, the Delta variant prevalence in Minnesota increased from 0.7% in May to over 70% in July whereas the Alpha variant prevalence decreased from 85% to 13% over the same time period. Comparing rates of infection between matched individuals fully vaccinated with mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 across Mayo Clinic Health System sites in multiple states (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Arizona, Florida, and Iowa), mRNA-1273 conferred a two-fold risk reduction against breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2 (IRR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.39-0.64). In Florida, which is currently experiencing its largest COVID-19 surge to date, the risk of infection in July after full vaccination with mRNA-1273 was about 60% lower than after full vaccination with BNT162b2 (IRR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24-0.62). Our observational study highlights that while both mRNA COVID-19 vaccines strongly protect against infection and severe disease, further evaluation of mechanisms underlying differences in their effectiveness such as dosing regimens and vaccine composition are warranted. ### Competing Interest Statement AP, PJL, ES, MJN, JC, AJV, and VS are employees of nference and have financial interests in the company. nference is collaborating with Moderna, Pfizer, Janssen, and other bio-pharmaceutical companies on data science initiatives unrelated to this study. These collaborations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. JCO receives personal fees from Elsevier and Bates College, and receives small grants from nference, Inc, outside the submitted work. ADB is supported by grants from NIAID (grants AI110173 and AI120698), Amfar (#109593), and Mayo Clinic (HH Shieck Khalifa Bib Zayed Al-Nahyan Named Professorship of Infectious Diseases). ADB is a paid consultant for Abbvie, Gilead, Freedom Tunnel, Pinetree therapeutics Primmune, Immunome and Flambeau Diagnostics, is a paid member of the DSMB for Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Equilium, and Excision Biotherapeutics, has received fees for speaking for Reach MD and Medscape, owns equity for scientific advisory work in Zentalis and nference, and is founder and President of Splissen Therapeutics. MDS received grant funding from Pfizer via Duke University for a vaccine side effect registry. JH, JCO, AV, MDS and ADB are employees of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain financially from the successful outcome of the research. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. ### Funding Statement No external funding was received for this study. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was reviewed and approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB 20-003278) as a minimal risk study. Subjects were excluded if they did not have a research authorization on file. The approved IRB was titled: Study of COVID-19 patient characteristics with augmented curation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) to inform strategic and operational decisions with the Mayo Clinic. The study was deemed exempt by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and waived from consent. The following resource provides further information on the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and adherence to basic ethical principles underlying the conduct of research, and ensuring that the rights and well-being of potential research subjects are adequately protected: www.mayo.edu/research/institutional-review-board/overview. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes After publication, the data will be made available upon reasonable requests to the corresponding author. A proposal with a detailed description of study objectives and the statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. Deidentified data will be provided after approval from the corresponding author and the Mayo Clinic.

To minimise SARS-CoV-2 infection, at-risk populations must be targeted in efforts to boost vaccine effectiveness and infection control measures. Our findings might support caution around relaxing physical distancing and other personal protective measures in the post-vaccination era, particularly around frail older adults and individuals living in more deprived areas, even if these individuals are vaccinated, and might have implications for strategies such as booster vaccinations.

The global effort to vaccinate people against SARS-CoV-2 in the midst of an ongoing pandemic has raised questions about the nature of vaccine breakthrough infections and the potential for vaccinated individuals to transmit the virus. These questions have become even more urgent as new variants of concern with enhanced transmissibility, such as Delta, continue to emerge. To shed light on how vaccine breakthrough infections compare with infections in immunologically naive individuals, we examined viral dynamics and infectious virus shedding through daily longitudinal sampling in a small cohort of adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 at varying stages of vaccination. The durations of both infectious virus shedding and symptoms were significantly reduced in vaccinated individuals compared with unvaccinated individuals. We also observed that breakthrough infections are associated with strong tissue compartmentalization and are only detectable in saliva in some cases. These data indicate that vaccination shortens the duration of time of high transmission potential, minimizes symptom duration, and may restrict tissue dissemination. ### Competing Interest Statement CBB and LW are listed as inventors on a pending patent application for the saliva RTqPCR test used in this study. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute at the National Institutes of Health [3U54HL143541-02S2] through the RADx-Tech program. This work was also supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering through the Center for Innovation in Point of Care Technologies for HIV/AIDS at Northwestern (C-THAN) [3U54EB027049-02S1]. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided informed consent. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All raw data will be made available at the time of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

We have conducted a daily longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in two universities, UIUC and NU. We compared viral culture outcomes with nasal and saliva PCR results for up to 15 days and this is what we found. A thread 🧵— Pamela P. Martinez (@PamelaPMartinez) September 2, 2021

The high prevalence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a significant health concern. In particular, virus-specific immunity in patients who suffer from chronic neurologic symptoms after mild acute COVID remain poorly understood. Here, we report that neuro-PASC patients have a specific signature composed of humoral and cellular immune responses that are biased towards different structural proteins compared to healthy COVID convalescents. Interestingly, the severity of cognitive deficits or quality of life markers in neuro-PASC patients are associated with reduced effector molecule expression in memory T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are aberrantly elevated in longitudinally sampled neuro-PASC patients compared with healthy COVID convalescents. These data provide a framework for the rational design of diagnostics and predictive biomarkers for long-COVID disease, as well as a blueprint for improved therapeutics. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement L.V. was supported by a T32 grant T32AR007611 from the Department of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. P.P.M. is supported by a grant from the Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens Program (EREPP) at Northwestern University, and a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, DP2DA051912) ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board (Koralnik Lab, IRB STU00212583). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [LV], upon reasonable request.

The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant might cause high viral loads, is highly transmissible, and contains mutations that confer partial immune escape [1][1],[2][2]. Outbreak investigations suggest that vaccinated persons can spread Delta [3][3],[4][4]. We compared RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) data from 699 swab specimens collected in Wisconsin 29 June through 31 July 2021 and tested with a qualitative assay by a single contract laboratory. Specimens came from residents of 36 counties, most in southern and southeastern Wisconsin, and 81% of cases were not associated with an outbreak. During this time, estimated prevalence of Delta variants in Wisconsin increased from 69% to over 95%. Vaccination status was determined via self-reporting and state immunization records ( [Supplemental Figure 1][5] ). ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contracts 75D30120C09870 and 75D30121C11060 to D.H.O and T.C.F. The authors are also members of the Upper Midwest Regional Accelerator for Genomic Surveillance funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The University of Wisconsin-Madison IRB office has confirmed that this project qualifies as public health surveillance activities as defined in the Common Rule, 45 CFR 46.102(l)(2). As such, the project is not deemed to be research regulated under the Common Rule and therefore, does not require University of Wisconsin-Madison IRB review and oversight. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data and processing workflows are available at https://go.wisc.edu/p22l16. To protect potentially personally identifiable information, the publicly available dataset contains only PCR Ct values, vaccine status, symptom status, culture status, and days from symptom onset to testing for each specimen. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #F2

Many people with long COVID feel that science is failing them. Neglecting them could make the pandemic even worse.  

Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile

Hier gibt's alles Wissenswerte zur Covid-19-Impfung, dem Nachlassen der Immunität, zu Impfdurchbrüchen und Kreuz- und Booster-Impfungen.

Vaccination induced antibody and T-cell immune responses are important for systemic protection from COVID-19. Because SARS-CoV-2 infects and is transmitted by oral-pharyngeal mucosa, we wished to test mucosal antibodies elicited by natural infection or intramuscular vaccine injection. In a non-randomized observational study, we measured antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD in plasma and saliva from convalescent or vaccinated individuals and tested their neutralizing potential using a replication competent rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2. We found IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies as well as neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma and saliva. Two doses of mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) induced high levels of IgG anti-RBD in saliva, a subset of whom also had IgA, and significant neutralizing activity. We detected anti-RBD IgG and IgA with significant neutralizing potential in the plasma of single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated individuals, and we detected slight amounts of anti-RBD antibodies in matched saliva. The role of salivary antibodies in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown and merits further investigation. This study was not designed to, nor did it study the full kinetics of the antibody response or protection from infection, nor did it address variants of SARS-CoV-2. ### Competing Interest Statement None of the authors have any financial involvement with any of the companies mentioned in this manuscript. Dr. Nadeau reports grants from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE); Director of World Allergy Organization (WAO), Advisor at Cour Pharma, co-founder of Before Brands, Alladapt, Latitude, and IgGenix; and National Scientific Committee member at Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), and National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical research centers, outside the submitted work; patents include, Mixed allergen composition and methods for using the same, Granulocyte-based methods for detecting and monitoring immune system disorders, and Methods and Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Pure Subpopulations of White Blood Cells in Immune System Disorders. M.C.T. consults for Orca Bio, Guidepoint, and is an advisor at Acari Bio. ### Clinical Trial Samples from [NCT04373148][1] and [NCT04505722][2] were used in this study. All other samples are part of an observational, non-interventional study. ### Funding Statement Research reported in this publication was supported by: The Fairbairn Family Foundation, The Stanford SPARK Program, Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research. M.C.T., S.G. and P.H. were supported by the Bay Area Lyme Foundation, M.C.T also supported by Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation. G.R.N. and G.B. were supported by the Younger Family Foundation. R.S.S. was supported by Fairbairn Family Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Stanford University Research Compliance Office (IRB 57277) All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The code generated during this study is available at: [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT04373148&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2021%2F08%2F30%2F2021.08.22.21262168.atom [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT04505722&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2021%2F08%2F30%2F2021.08.22.21262168.atom

Systemic vaccination of the BNT162b2 mRNA stimulates humoral response. The aim of our study was to compare the intensity of humoral immune response, measured by SARS CoV-2 IgG, SARS CoV-2 IgM, and neutralization S-RBD IgG antibodies level, post COVID-19 vaccination versus post SARS COV-2 infectio...

Zwölf gefährliche Beispiele, in denen der Virologe danebenlag und was es über die Medien sagt, dass er trotzdem allgegenwärtig ist.

Pressemitteilungen der Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin

The pandemic is giving scientists a unique view of viral evolution in action

The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as mask-wearing and social distancing, as control measures for pandemic disease relies upon a conscientious and well-informed public who are aware of and prepared to follow advice. Unfortunately, public health messages can be undermined by competing misinformation and conspiracy theories, spread virally through communities that are already distrustful of expert opinion. In this article, we propose and analyse a simple model of the interaction between disease spread and (mis-) information dynamics in a heterogeneous population composed of both trusting individuals who seek quality information and will take precautionary measures, and distrusting individuals who are susceptible to misinformation. We show that, as the density of the distrusting population increases, the model passes through a phase transition to a state in which major outbreaks cannot be suppressed. Our work highlights the urgent need for effective measures to combat the spread of misinformation. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement A.S. is supported by a scholarship from the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Statistical Applied Mathematics at Bath (SAMBa), under the project EP/S022945/1. T.R. acknowledges the support of the Royal Society RGF\EA\180242. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Not applicable. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Not applicable.

Author summary SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent disease presentation are dependent on exposure dose in a nonhuman primate model of inhalational COVID-19.