Cerebral microstructural alterations in Post-COVID-condition are related to cognitive impairment, olfactory dysfunction and fatigue
Nature Communications - After contracting COVID-19, a substantial number of individuals develop a Post-COVID-Condition with neurological symptoms. Here, the authors show symptom-specific brain...
2023 Übersterblichkeit von über 50 % bei jungen Menschen zwischen 1 und 39 Jahren im Vergleich zur Entwicklung im Zeitraum 2010 bis 2019.
Mehrere Forscher vermuten, dass Spätfolgen von die Ursache für den Anstieg sein könnten.
— Tove Harris 🕊😷 (@NFMai)
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a university classroom based on real human close contact behaviors
Due to high-population density, frequent close contact, possible poor ventilation, university classrooms are vulnerable for transmission of respirator…
COVID-19 in Female and Male Athletes: Symptoms, Clinical Findings, Outcome, and Prolonged Exercise Intolerance—A Prospective, Observational, Multicenter Cohort Study (CoSmo-S)
Sports Medicine - An infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, which can impair athletic activity. We aimed to assess the clinical symptom patterns, diagnostic...
There is growing evidence that adults with Long COVID suffer from different sets of stigmata related to their condition. In children with Long COVID, this aspect has never been investigated. This study aims to investigate if children with Long COVID also experience stigma. Methods: Children with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection evaluated at 3 month follow-ups in a pediatric post COVID unit were asked to fill in an online Long COVID Stigma Scale survey before they were assessed by a pediatrician. Doctors were unaware of children’s responses when they performed a diagnosis of Long COVID or full recovery from previous infection, according to the World Health Organization definition of pediatric Long COVID. Responses to the Stigma scale were then compared in the two cohorts of children. Results: 224 patients responded to the questionnaire; 40 patients were diagnosed with Long COVID. Children with Long COVID significantly more frequently felt embarrassed about having Long COVID (p 0.035), felt embarrassed about having physical limitations (p 0.001), felt they were valued less due to Long COVID (p 0.003), felt they were different from other peers due to Long COVID (p 0.033), felt significantly more frequently that people behaved differently towards them because they might be lying since the diagnosis of Long COVID (p 0.006), that they were less respected by others due to Long COVID (p 0.017), that other people thought that Long COVID is not a real disease (p 0.007), that other people thought that developing Long COVID is a sign of weakness (p 0.008), and that other people might judge them negatively due to their diagnosis of Long COVID (p 0.001). Conclusions: Children with Long COVID, similar to adults, are suffering from stigmata due to their condition,. These data may have implication and should be used by the public, policy makers, and healthcare professionals regarding pediatric Long COVID.
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses in a Vaccinated COVID-19-Naive Population
Introduction: Exploring T cell response duration is pivotal for understanding immune protection evolution in natural SARS-CoV-2 infections. The objective of the present study was to analyze the T cell immune response over time in individuals who were both vaccinated and COVID-19-naive and had undetectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies at the time of testing. Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis using data extracted from the electronic medical records of consecutive adult individuals who underwent COVID-19 immunity screening at a private healthcare center from September 2021 to September 2022. The study participants were divided into three groups according to the post-vaccination time period, as follows: group A (up to 3 months), group B (3–6 months), and group C (6 months). T cell response was evaluated using the IGRA methodology T-SPOT®.COVID. Results: Of the total number of subjects (n = 165), 60/165 (36.4%) had been vaccinated in the last 3 months (group A), 57/165 (34.5%) between 3 and 6 months (group B), and 48/165 (29.1%) at least 6 months prior to the examination day (group C). T cell positivity was reported in 33/60 (55.0%) of group A, 45/57 (78.9%) of group B, and 36/48 (75%) of group C (p 0.007). No statistically significant differences were revealed in the spot-forming cell (SFC) count among groups, with mean SFC counts of 75.96 for group A, 89.92 for group B, and 83.58 for group C (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.278). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cellular immunity following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may endure for at least six months, even in the presence of declining or absent IgG antibody levels.
Intrahost evolution leading to distinct lineages in the upper and lower respiratory tracts during SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection
Accumulating evidence points to persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in immunocompromised individuals as a source of genetically divergent, novel lineages, generally characterised by increased transmissibility and immune escape. While intrahost evolutionary dynamics of the virus in chronically infected patients have been previously reported, existing knowledge is primarily based on samples obtained from the nasopharyngeal compartment. In this study, we investigate the intrahost evolution and genetic diversity that accumulated during a prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Omicron sublineage BF.7, estimated to have persisted for over one year in an immunosuppressed patient. Based on the sequencing of eight viral genomes collected from the patient at six time points, we identified 86 intrahost single-nucleotide variants (iSNVs), two indels, and a 362 bp deletion. Our analysis revealed distinct viral genotypes in the nasopharyngeal (NP), endotracheal aspirate (ETA), and bronchoalveolar (BAL) samples. Notably, while significant divergence was observed between NP and BAL samples, most of the iSNVs found in ETA samples were also detected in NP or BAL samples. This suggests that NP samples may not offer a comprehensive representation of the overall intrahost viral diversity. Nonsynonymous mutations were most frequent in the spike and envelope genes, along with loss-of-function mutations in ORF8, generated by a frameshift mutation and a large deletion detected in the BAL and NP samples, respectively. Using long-range PCR on SARS-CoV-2 samples sequenced as part of routine surveillance, we validated that similar deletions causing ORF8 loss of function can be carried by SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection. Our findings not only demonstrate that the Omicron sublineage BF.7 can further diverge from its already exceptionally mutated state but also highlight that patients chronically infected with SARS-CoV-2 can develop genetically specific viral populations across distinct anatomical compartments. This provides novel insights into the intricate nature of viral diversity and evolution dynamics in persistent infections. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported in part by the Region Wallone project WALGEMED (convention no. 1710180) and the FNRS (H.C.008.20). Sequencing was done as a part of the National Genomic Surveillance Platform for SARSCoV2 in Belgium. SD acknowledges support from the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S. FNRS, Belgium; grant F.4515.22), from the Research Foundation Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, FWO, Belgium; grant G098321N), and from the European Union Horizon 2020 projects MOOD (grant agreement 874850) and LEAPS (grant agreement 101094685). ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The Ethics committee/IRB of the University Hospital Liege gave ethical approval for this work. Reference number: 2020-139. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes
Long-Term Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Outcomes of COVID-19
ome data suggest a higher incidence of diagnosis of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) among patients with a history of COVID-19 compared with uninfected patients. However, these studies had methodological shortcomings.
Objective:
To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on long-term risk for incident AIRD over various follow-up periods.
Design:
Binational, longitudinal, propensity-matched cohort study.
Setting:
Nationwide claims-based databases in South Korea (K-COV-N cohort) and Japan (JMDC cohort).
„Ich glaube, dass wir in ein paar Jahrzehnten eine Epidemie von früh dementen Menschen erleben werden, vor allem von denen, die mehrmals COVID-19 hatten“, so die Neurowissenschaftlerin und Alzheimer-Forscherin … 🧵
— Ralf Wittenbrink (@RWittenbrink)
Long Covid and the Economy: There Is Money in Prevention
Companies have been ignoring the enormous long Covid risk for too long. Now they're paying for it – literally. Implementing the Swiss cheese system could make them largely Covid-proof in no time. So what needs to be done?
Adaptive immune responses are larger and functionally preserved in a hypervaccinated individual
Prime-boost vaccinations can enhance immune responses,1
whereas chronic antigen exposure can cause immune tolerance.2
In humans, the benefits, limitations, and risks of repetitive vaccination remain poorly understood.
Here, we report on a 62-year-old male hypervaccinated individual from Magdeburg, Germany (HIM), who deliberately and for private reasons received 217 vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 within a period of 29 months (figure A; appendix 1 tab 1). HIM's hypervaccination occurred outside of a clinical study context and against national vaccination recommendations. Evidence for 130 vaccinations in a 9 month period was collected by the public prosecutor of Magdeburg, Germany, who opened an investigation of this case with the allegation of fraud, but criminal charges were not filed. 108 vaccinations are individually recorded and partly overlap with the total of 130 prosecutor-confirmed vaccinations (appendix 2 p 12). To investigate the immunological consequences of hypervaccination in this unique situation, we submitted an analysis proposal to HIM via the public prosecutor. HIM then actively and voluntarily consented to provide medical information and donate blood and saliva. This procedure was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany. Throughout the entire hypervaccination schedule HIM did not report any vaccination-related side effects. From November 2019, to October 2023, 62 routine clinical chemistry parameters showed no abnormalities attributable to hypervaccination (appendix 1 tab 2). Furthermore, HIM had no signs of a past SARS-CoV-2 infection, as indicated by repeatedly negative SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests, PCRs and nucleocapsid serology (figure A; appendix 1 tab 1).
Lockdowns had an impact on gut microbes and allergies in newborns, new research reveals
Lockdowns imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the gut microbiome development of babies born during these periods according to new research. Our gut microbiome, an ecosystem of microbes that live in our digestive tract, plays an essential role in human health. The study reveals significant differences in the microbiome development of babies born during lockdown periods when compared to pre-pandemic babies.
Airborne transmission risks of tuberculosis and COVID-19 in schools in South Africa, Switzerland, and Tanzania: Modeling of environmental data
The COVID-19 pandemic renewed interest in airborne transmission of respiratory infections, particularly in congregate indoor settings, such as schools. We modeled transmission risks of tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb) and COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) in South African, Swiss and Tanzanian secondary schools. We estimated the risks of infection with the Wells-Riley equation, expressed as the median with 2.5% and 97.5% quantiles (credible interval [CrI]), based on the ventilation rate and the duration of exposure to infectious doses (so-called quanta). We computed the air change rate (ventilation) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tracer gas and modeled the quanta generation rate based on reported estimates from the literature. The share of infectious students in the classroom is determined by country-specific estimates of pulmonary TB. For SARS-CoV-2, the number of infectious students was estimated based on excess mortality to mitigate the bias from country-specific reporting and testing. Average CO2 concentration (parts per million [ppm]) was 1,610 ppm in South Africa, 1,757 ppm in Switzerland, and 648 ppm in Tanzania. The annual risk of infection for Mtb was 22.1% (interquartile range [IQR] 2.7%-89.5%) in South Africa, 0.7% (IQR 0.1%-6.4%) in Switzerland, and 0.5% (IQR 0.0%-3.9%) in Tanzania. For SARS-CoV-2, the monthly risk of infection was 6.8% (IQR 0.8%-43.8%) in South Africa, 1.2% (IQR 0.1%-8.8%) in Switzerland, and 0.9% (IQR 0.1%-6.6%) in Tanzania. The differences in transmission risks primarily reflect a higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and particularly prevalence of TB in South Africa, but also higher air change rates due to better natural ventilation of the classrooms in Tanzania. Global comparisons of the modeled risk of infectious disease transmission in classrooms can provide high-level information for policy-making regarding appropriate infection control strategies.
Stress vulnerability and resilience in children facing COVID-19-related discrimination: A quasi-experimental study using polygenic, brain, and sociodemographic data
During the pandemic, perceived COVID-19-related discrimination aggravated children’s stress levels. The remaining question is to evaluate the individual variability in these effects and to identify vulnerable or resilient populations and why. Using the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development dataset ( N = 1,116) and causal machine learning approach – Generalized Random Forest, we examined the average and individual treatment effects of perceived discrimination on stress levels immediately and six months later. Their variability and key factors were also assessed. We observed significant variability in the acute effects of perceived discrimination across children and pinpointed the frontotemporal cortical volume and white matter connectivity (streamline counts) as key factors of stress resilience and vulnerability. The variability of these neurostructural factors partially originated from the environmental and genetic attributes. The finding was replicated in held-out samples ( N = 2,503). Our study has the potential for personalized prescriptive modeling to prevent children’s future psychopathology after the pandemic. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2021R1C1C1006503, 2021K1A3A1A2103751212, 2021M3E5D2A01022515, RS-2023-00250759, RS-2023-00266787, RS-2023-00265406), by Creative-Pioneering Researchers Program through Seoul National University (No. 200- 20230058), by Semi-Supervised Learning Research Grant by SAMSUNG (No. A0426- 20220118), by Identify the network of brain preparation steps for concentration Research Grant by LooxidLabs (No. 339-20230001), by Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) [NO.2021-0-01343, Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program (Seoul National University)] and by the National Supercomputing Center with supercomputing resources including technical support (KSC-2022- CRE-0505). ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The study used ONLY openly available human data that were originally located at The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study release 4.0 (http://abcdstudy.org). I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced are available online at
Trinity Research Team unearths a cause of “brain fog” linked to long COVID – Trinity News
A group of scientists from Trinity have published novel research further explaining neurological reasons behind COVID-related “brain fog”. The team of researchers, jointly-led by Professor Matthew Campbell of the Trinity department of genetics, and Professor Colin Doherty, head of the school of medicine, is working within FutureNeuro, a research centre for chronic and rare neurological […]
Cause-Specific Excess Mortality in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic was a significant shock to United States mortality, and it is important to understand how the pandemic impacted other causes of death. We estimated monthly excess mortality in the US by cause of death, age, and sex, for official deaths at ages 15 and older. Data come from the CDC Wonder Multiple Cause of Death database. We used a compositionally robust Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to estimate expected mortality counts in March 2020-December 2022 for eight causes of death: accidents, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, substance-related (drugs and alcohol), suicide, and residual (including COVID-19 related deaths). Analyses were stratified by sex and 15-year age groups from 15-29 to 75+. Excess mortality was calculated as observed deaths minus expected deaths. From March 2020 to December 2022, we estimated 1 298 763 total excess deaths (95% CI: 1 226 542 to 1 370 804). While there were fewer deaths than expected due to some causes like flu/pneumonia and suicide, the largest number of excess deaths, excluding COVID-19, were attributed to cardiovascular diseases (115 765 deaths, 95% CI: 98 697 to 133 783) and substance use (86 637 deaths, 95% CI: 79 273 to 93 690). Percent excess substance-related mortality was high across all ages, while percent excess from cardiovascular diseases was highest at midlife ages. Some of these excess cardiovascular deaths were likely due to undercounted COVID-19 deaths, but others may reflect indirect impacts of the pandemic on healthcare utilization or longer-term effects of COVID-19 infections. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The COVID-19 pandemic increased mortality directly due to COVID-19 deaths, but also changed the pattern of deaths due to other causes in the United States. We estimated excess cause-specific mortality in the US and present several findings. We estimated nearly 1.3 million total excess deaths in the US from March 2020 to December 2022. Deaths from suicide and influenza and pneumonia were lower than expected based on previous trends, but deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, accidents, and substance-related causes (drug and alcohol) were higher. Cancer deaths were generally unchanged. By quantifying both the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on US mortality, we highlight areas of on-going vulnerability in the US. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement We acknowledge funding from the Leverhulme Trust (Grant RC-2018-003) for the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science (ED, AMT, JD), the European Research Council grant ERC-2021-CoG-101002587 (ED, AMT, JD), the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government Horizon Europe funding guarantee EP-X027678-1 (AMT). Previous versions of this manuscript benefited from feedback provided by the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science Health Inequality Working Group. The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the ERC, the UKRI, or the Leverhulme Trust. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes Materials for reproduction, including metadata and scripts, will be available at peer review and upon publication.
Omicron Spike confers enhanced infectivity and interferon resistance to SARS-CoV-2 in human nasal tissue
Nature Communications - Shi and Li et al. show that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have increased capacity to infect primary human nasal tissue using a distinct entry route that depends on matrix...
Babies exposed to Sars 1/Covid before they are born found to have higher risk for neurological disorders: including in the mild: none of Mum's studied had severe disease: 3x increase in in key predictors of neurological disease such as cerebral palsy:
— Chris Turnbull (@EnemyInAState)
Virus World provides a daily blog of the latest news in the Virology field and the COVID-19 pandemic. News on new antiviral drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests, viral outbreaks, novel viruses and milestone discoveries are curated by expert virologists. Highlighted news include trending and most cited scientific articles in these fields with links to the original publications. Stay up-to-date with the most exciting discoveries in the virus world and the last therapies for COVID-19 without spending hours browsing news and scientific publications. Additional comments by experts on the topics are available in Linkedin (https://www.linkedin.com/in/juanlama/detail/recent-activity/)
The Billionaire Who Wants To Live Forever Has Long Covid
The billionaire who wants to live forever just admitted he has long covid. Specifically, covid wrecked his lungs. If you haven’t come across him, Bryan Johnson is a 46-year-old tech bro who cashed out a few years ago and now spends all his time trying not to die.
Kaum etwas ist wohl so sehr Geschmacksache wie Lakritz – doch für Liebhaber kann die Leckerei sogar gefährlich werden. Wie steht es im Gegenzug mit den gesundheitlichen Benefits?
Landing Preference of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on Human Skin Among ABO Blood Groups, Secretors or Nonsecretors, and ABH Antigens
Abstract. We demonstrated in this study that blood group O subjects attracted more Aedes albopictus than other blood groups (B, AB, and A) but were only si
Short- and long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes in long COVID in South Korea and Japan
Nature Human Behaviour - Using propensity score matching, Kim et al. find evidence of higher short- and long-term risk of adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes in Korean and Japanese cohorts of...
The Global Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis: A Thematic Scoping Review, 2020-2023
Background This thematic scoping review of publications sought to understand the global impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis (TB), interpret the scope of resonating themes, and offer policy recommendations to stimulate TB recovery and future pandemic preparedness. Data Sources Publications were captured from three search engines, PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, and applicable websites written in English from January 1, 2020, to April 30, 2023. Study Selection Our scoping review was limited to publications detailing the impact of COVID-19 on TB. Original research, reviews, letters, and editorials describing the deleterious and harmful––yet sometimes positive–– impact of COVID-19 (sole exposure) on TB (sole outcome) were included. The objective was to methodically categorize the impacts into themes through a comprehensive review of selected studies to provide significant health policy guidance. Data Extraction Two authors independently screened citations and full texts, while the third arbitrated when consensus was not met. All three performed data extraction. Data Synthesis/Results Of 1,755 screened publications, 176 (10%) covering 39 countries over 41 months met the inclusion criteria. Ten principal themes were established, which encompassed TB’s care cascade, patient-centered care, psychosocial issues, and health services: 1) case-finding and notification (n=45; 26%); 2) diagnosis and laboratory systems (n=19; 10.7%) 3) prevention, treatment, and care (n=22; 12.2%); 4) telemedicine/telehealth (n=12; 6.8%); 5) social determinants of health (n=14; 8%); 6) airborne infection prevention and control (n=8; 4.6%); 7) health system strengthening (n=22; 13%); 8) mental health (n=13; 7.4%); 9) stigma (n=11; 6.3%); and 10) health education (n=10; 5.7%). Limitations Heterogeneity of publications within themes. Conclusions We identified ten globally generalizable themes of COVID-19’s impact on TB. These thematic areas will guide evidence-informed policies to strengthen comprehensive global responses, recovery for TB, and future airborne pandemic preparedness. Primary Funding Source United States Agency for International Development ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Clinical Protocols ### Funding Statement The source of funding (e.g., salary) for the three authors was from the TB Division in the Bureau for Global Health at USAID. The funders played no role in the content. No grants or special funding was obtained. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Not Applicable The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: There were no necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals as this scoping review does not contain any human subject data. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Not Applicable I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Not Applicable I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Not Applicable For our scoping review, we have documented for reproducibility the search terms employed in the three search engines (PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar) in "Appendix 1a: Search Strategy"
