Covid19-Sources

In Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a system of three data sources has been established to track the Covid-19 pandemic. These sources are the number of Covid-19-related hospitalizations, the Covid-19 genecopies in wastewater, and the prevalence derived from a cohort study. This paper presents an extensive comparison of these parameters. It is investigated whether wastewater data and a cohort study can be valid surrogate parameters for the number of hospitalizations and thus serve as predictors for coming Covid-19 waves. We observe that this is possible in general for the cohort study prevalence, while the wastewater data suffer from a too large variability to make quantitative predictions by a purely data-driven approach. However, the wastewater data as well as the cohort study prevalence are able to detect hospitalizations waves in a qualitative manner. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of different normalization techniques of wastewater data is provided. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work has been supported by the Ministry for Science and Health of Rhineland-Palatinate. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes The cohort study data are presented online under . The number of N1 and N2 genecopies per ml in wastewater is publicly available online under . A slightly differently counted version of the number of hospitalizations than used for this paper is publicly available online under . The German weather data are publicly available online under .

Nature Immunology - Satija and colleagues use multimodal sequencing technologies and cross-modality integration tools to define distinct subpopulations of CD8+ T cells that are predictive of...

British Heart Foundation says its figures reveal ‘the worst heart care crisis in living memory’

We used plasma IgG proteomics to study the molecular composition and temporal durability of polyclonal IgG antibodies triggered by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, or their combination ("hybrid immunity"). Infection, whether primary or post-vaccination, mainly triggered an anti-spike antibody response to the S2 domain, while vaccination predominantly induced anti-RBD antibodies. Immunological imprinting persisted after a secondary (hybrid) exposure, with 60% of the ensuing serological response originating from the initial antibodies generated during the first exposure. We highlight one instance where hybrid immunity arising from breakthrough infection resulted in a marked increase in the breadth and affinity of a highly abundant vaccination-elicited plasma IgG antibody, SC27. With an intrinsic binding affinity surpassing a theoretical maximum (KD 5 pM), SC27 demonstrated potent neutralization of various SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-like zoonotic viruses (IC50 ∼0.1–1.75 nM) and provided robust protection in vivo . Cryo-EM structural analysis unveiled that SC27 binds to the RBD class 1/4 epitope, with both VH and VL significantly contributing to the binding interface. These findings suggest that exceptionally broad and potent antibodies can be prevalent in plasma and can largely dictate the nature of serological neutralization. ### Competing Interest Statement R.S.B., G.G., J.J.L., G.C.I., and W.N.V. are inventors on a provisional U.S. patent application for mAb SC27 and other new antibodies described in this manuscript, entitled "Broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)" (63/491,270).

Eine neue Studie aus den USA hat ergeben, dass Vegetarier und Veganer möglicherweise seltener an COVID-19 erkranken als Fleischesser. Erfahren Sie mehr.

The "head-to-toe" effects of COVID-19 infection mean you still need to be cautious, experts say.

Covid-19 continues to harm the body even months after a seeming recovery, and has killed six in 100 patients within 12 months of infection, study shows

Together, these results robustly demonstrate pronounced cognitive slowing in people with PCC, which distinguishes them from age-matched healthy individuals who previously had symptomatic COVID-19 but did not manifest PCC. This might be an important factor contributing to some of the cognitive impairments reported in patients with PCC.

DMZ – FORSCHUNG ¦ Lena Wallner ¦ In diesem Artikel geben führende Gesundheitsforscher, darunter: Suman Majumdar, Associate Professor und Chief Health Officer - COVID and Health Emergencies am Burnet Institute, Brendan Crabb, Director and CEO des Burnet Institute, Emma Pakula, Senior Research and Policy Officer am Burnet Institute, und Stuart Turville, Associate Professor im Bereich Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program am Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, einen Überblick über ihre Analysen und Erkenntnisse im Zusammenhang mit dem Artikel "The emergence of JN.1 is an evolutionary ‘step change’ in the COVID pandemic. Why is this significant?". Es wird auch auf ihre Hintergründe und mögliche Interessenkonflikte eingegangen, um Lesern eine transparente Basis für die präsentierten Informationen zu bieten. Der Beitrag hebt die Bedeutung von JN.1 als eine evolutionäre Wendung in der COVID-Pandemie hervor und erklärt, warum diese Entwicklung von globaler Relevanz ist. Seit seiner Entdeckung im August 2023 hat sich die JN.1-Variante von COVID weit verbreitet. Sie hat sich als dominante Variante in Australien und weltweit etabliert und treibt die größte COVID-Welle voran, die in vielen Ländern seit mindestens einem Jahr zu beobachten ist. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) klassifizierte JN.1 im Dezember 2023 als "Variante von Interesse" und betonte im Januar nachdrücklich, dass COVID eine fortwährende globale Gesundheitsbedrohung darstellt, die "weit übermäßig viel" vermeidbare Krankheiten verursacht und ein besorgniserregendes Potenzial für langfristige gesundheitliche Folgen birgt. JN.1 ist bedeutend. Erstens als Pathogen – es handelt sich um eine überraschend neuartige Version von SARS-CoV-2 (dem Virus, das COVID verursacht), das schnell andere zirkulierende Stämme (Omicron XBB) verdrängt. Es ist auch bedeutend für das, was es über die Evolution von COVID aussagt. Normalerweise ähneln SARS-CoV-2-Varianten denen davor recht stark, sammeln nur wenige Mutationen, die dem Virus einen bedeutenden Vorteil gegenüber seinem Ursprung geben. Gelegentlich, wie bereits bei der Entstehung von Omicron (B.1.1.529) vor zwei Jahren, tauchen jedoch Varianten auf, die markant unterschiedliche Merkmale aufweisen als ihre Vorgänger. Dies hat bedeutende Auswirkungen auf Krankheit und Übertragung. Bislang war nicht klar, ob diese "Schlüsselveränderung" der Evolution erneut eintreten würde, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund des anhaltenden Erfolgs der stetig evolvierenden Omicron-Varianten. JN.1 ist so deutlich und verursacht eine derartige Welle neuer Infektionen, dass viele sich fragen, ob die WHO JN.1 als die nächste besorgniserregende Variante mit ihrem eigenen griechischen Buchstaben anerkennen wird. In jedem Fall sind wir mit JN.1 in eine neue Phase der Pandemie eingetreten. Woher stammt JN.1? Die Geschichte von JN.1 (oder BA.2.86.1.1) beginnt mit dem Auftreten seines Ursprungslinie BA.2.86 etwa Mitte 2023, der von einer viel früheren (2022) Omicron-Untervariante BA.2 stammt. Chronische Infektionen, die bei einigen Menschen monatelang (wenn nicht sogar jahrelang) ungelöst bleiben, spielen wahrscheinlich eine Rolle bei der Entstehung dieser Schlüsselveränderungsvarianten. Bei chronisch infizierten Menschen testet das Virus still und leise und behält schließlich viele Mutationen bei, die ihm helfen, Immunität zu umgehen und in diesem Menschen zu überleben. Für BA.2.86 führte dies zu mehr als 30 Mutationen im Spike-Protein (einem Protein auf der Oberfläche von SARS-CoV-2, das es ihm ermöglicht, sich an unsere Zellen zu binden). Die schiere Anzahl von Infektionen weltweit schafft die Voraussetzungen für eine bedeutende virale Evolution. SARS-CoV-2 hat weiterhin eine sehr hohe Mutationsrate. Entsprechend mutiert und entwickelt sich JN.1 selbst bereits schnell weiter. Wie unterscheidet sich JN.1 von anderen Varianten? BA.2.86 und nun JN.1 verhalten sich in Labortests auf zwei Arten einzigartig. Die erste betrifft die Art und Weise, wie das Virus Immunität umgeht. JN.1 hat mehr als 30 Mutationen im Spike-Protein geerbt. Es hat auch eine neue Mutation, L455S, erworben, die die Fähigkeit von Antikörpern (einem Teil der schützenden Reaktion des Immunsystems) verringert, sich an das Virus zu binden und eine Infektion zu verhindern. Die zweite betrifft Veränderungen in der Art und Weise, wie JN.1 in unsere Zellen eindringt und sich repliziert. Ohne auf die molekularen Details einzugehen, haben jüngste, hochkarätige Laboruntersuchungen aus den USA und Europa beobachtet, dass BA.2.86 Zellen aus der Lunge auf ähnliche Weise wie vor-Omicron-Varianten wie Delta betritt. In einem Kontrast dazu zeigen vorläufige Arbeiten des Kirby Institute in Australien unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Techniken Replikationscharakteristika, die besser mit Omikron-Linien vereinbar sind. Weitere Forschung zur Klärung dieser unterschiedlichen Zelleintragsbefunde ist wichtig, da dies Auswirkungen darauf hat, wo das Virus bevorzugt im Körper repliziert, was die Schwere der Krankheit und die Übertragung beeinflussen könnte. Wie auch immer, diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich JN.1 (und SARS-CoV-2 im Allgemeinen) nicht nur um unser Immunsystem herumarbeiten kann, sondern auch neue Wege findet, um Zellen zu infizieren und effektiv zu übertragen. Wir müssen weiter untersuchen, wie sich dies bei Menschen auswirkt und wie es sich auf klinische Ergebnisse auswirkt. Ist JN.1 schwerwiegender? Die Schlüsselveränderung von BA.2.86, kombiniert mit den immunumgehenden Merkmalen von JN.1, hat dem Virus einen globalen Wachstumsvorteil weit über die auf XBB.1 basierenden Linien hinaus verschafft, denen wir uns 2023 gegenübersahen. Trotz dieser Merkmale legen Beweise nahe, dass unser adaptives Immunsystem BA.286 und JN.1 immer noch effektiv erkennen und darauf reagieren kann. Aktualisierte monovalente Impfstoffe, Tests und Behandlungen bleiben gegen JN.1 wirksam. Es gibt zwei Elemente zur "Schwere": Erstens, ob es "intrinsisch" schwerwiegender ist (schwerere Krankheit bei einer Infektion in Abwesenheit von Immunität) und zweitens, ob das Virus eine größere Übertragung aufweist, was zu größeren Krankheiten und Todesfällen führt, einfach weil es mehr Menschen infiziert. Letzteres trifft sicherlich auf JN.1 zu. Wie geht es weiter? Wir wissen einfach nicht, ob dieses Virus auf einem evolutionären Weg ist, um zum "nächsten gewöhnlichen Schnupfen" zu werden oder nicht, noch haben wir eine Vorstellung davon, in welchem Zeitrahmen dies geschehen könnte. Während die Betrachtung der Trajektorien von vier historischen Coronaviren uns einen Einblick geben könnte, wohin wir uns bewegen könnten, sollte dies nur als ein möglicher Weg betrachtet werden. Die Entstehung von JN.1 unterstreicht, dass wir weiterhin eine andauernde Epidemie mit COVID erleben und dass dies für die absehbare Zukunft der Weg nach vorne ist. Wir befinden uns jetzt in einer neuen Pandemiephase: post-Notfall. Dennoch bleibt COVID die wichtigste Infektionskrankheit, die weltweit Schaden anrichtet, sowohl durch akute Infektionen als auch durch Long-COVID. Auf gesellschaftlicher und individueller Ebene müssen wir die Risiken akzeptieren, Welle um Welle von Infektionen zu akzeptieren, neu überdenken. Alles in allem unterstreicht dies die Bedeutung umfassender Strategien zur Reduzierung der COVID-Übertragung und -Auswirkungen, mit möglichst geringen Einschränkungen (wie sauberen Innenraumluftinterventionen). Die Menschen werden weiterhin dazu aufgefordert, aktive Schritte zum Schutz ihrer selbst und ihrer Mitmenschen zu unternehmen. Für eine bessere Pandemie-Vorbereitung auf aufkommende Bedrohungen und eine verbesserte Reaktion auf die aktuelle ist es entscheidend, dass wir die globale Überwachung fortsetzen. Die geringe Vertretung von Ländern mit niedrigem und mittlerem Einkommen ist ein besorgniserregender blinder Fleck. Intensivierte Forschung ist ebenfalls entscheidend. CC BY-ND 4.0 Deed | Attribution-NoDerivs 4.0 International | Creative Commons

Importance Active monitoring of health outcomes after COVID-19 vaccination provides early detection of rare outcomes post-licensure. Objective To evaluate health outcomes following bivalent COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273.222) vaccination among individuals 6 months and older in the United States. Design Monthly monitoring of health outcomes from August 2022 to July 2023 in four administrative claims databases. Descriptive analyses monitored vaccine uptake, outcome counts and coadministration of bivalent COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Sequential analyses tested for elevated risk of each outcome in a prespecified post-vaccination risk interval, or a period of hypothesized elevation based on clinical guidance, compared to a historical baseline. Participants and Exposures Persons 6 months and older who received a bivalent COVID-19 BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273.222 vaccine during the study period, with continuous enrollment in a medical insurance plan from the start of an outcome-specific clean interval to the COVID-19 vaccination date. Vaccines were identified using product-specific codes from medical coding systems. Health Outcomes Twenty outcomes were monitored in BNT162b2 vaccine recipients 6 months-4 years, and mRNA-1273.222 vaccine recipients 6 months-5 years. Twenty-one outcomes were monitored in BNT162b2 vaccine recipients 5-17 years and mRNA-1273.222 vaccine recipients 6-17 years. Eighteen outcomes were monitored in persons 18 years and older for both mRNA vaccines. Results Overall, 13.9 million individuals 6 months and older received a single bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. The statistical threshold for a signal was met for two outcomes in one database: anaphylaxis following bivalent BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273.222 vaccines in persons 18-64 years and myocarditis/pericarditis following bivalent BNT162b2 vaccines in individuals 18-35 years. There were no signals identified in young children. Conclusions Results were consistent with prior observations from published studies on COVID-19 vaccine safety. This study supports the safety profile of bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and the conclusion that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. ### Competing Interest Statement Co-authors from U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Acumen LLC declared no conflicts of interests. The following authors reported a conflict of interest: Kandace L. Amend, 1 John D. Seeger, 1 Jennifer Song,1 Robin Clifford, 1 Cheryl N. McMahill-Walraven,2 Djeneba Audrey Djibo,2 Jonathan P. DeShazo,2 Eugenio Abente,2 Daniel C. Bleacher,3 Alex Secora,4 Nandini Selvam.4 1Employee of Optum, with reported stock or stock options in UnitedHealth Group. 2Employee of CVS Health. 3Employee of Elevance Health Incorporated. 4Employee of IQVIA. ### Funding Statement The US Food and Drug Administration provided funding for this study and contributed as follows: led the design of the study, interpretation of the results, writing of the manuscript, decision to submit, and made contributions to the coordination of data collection and analysis of the data. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: N/A I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes The data used in the present study is confidential and is not available for reference.

This cohort study evaluates the presence of myocardial injury in unselected patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Since the coronavirus pandemic first began, evidence has emerged showing that Covid-19 can damage more than the lungs.

PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched to identify English language studies published up to December 3, 2021. Results; The systematic search initially revealed a total of 618 articles - of which only 13 studies reporting 2018 patients were included in this study. Among the patients, 1047 (51.9%) were male and 971 (48.1%) were female. The mean age was 54.5 years (15–94). The prevalence of PCPF was 44.9%. The mean age was 59 years in fibrotic patients and 48.5 years in non-fibrotic patients. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the only comorbidity associated with PCPF. Fibrotic patients more commonly suffered from persistent symptoms of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and myalgia (p-value 0.05). Factors related to COVID-19 severity that were associated with PCPF development included computed tomography score of ≥18, ICU admission, invasive/non-invasive mechanical ventilation, longer hospitalization period, and steroid, antibiotic and immunoglobulin treatments (p-value 0.05). Parenchymal bands (284/341), ground-glass opacities (552/753), interlobular septal thickening (220/381), and consolidation (197/319) were the most common lung abnormalities found in fibrotic patients. Conclusion, About 44.9% of COVID-19 survivors appear to have developed pulmonary fibrosis. Factors related to COVID-19 severity were significantly associated with PCPF development. HIGHLIGHTS Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe and frequently reported COVID-19 sequela.Its prevalence in COVID-19 survivors and risk factors are yet to be established.This meta-analysis aims to investigate the prevalence of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis and the potential risk factors....

Microbial translocation (MT) and intestinal damage (ID) are poorly explored in COVID-19. Aims were to assess whether alteration of gut permeability and cell integrity characterize COVID-19 patients, whether it is more pronounced in severe infections and whether it influences the development of subsequent bloodstream infection (BSI). Furthermore, we looked at the potential predictive role of TM and ID markers on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and in-hospital mortality. Over March–July 2020, 45 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Markers of MT [LPB (Lipopolysacharide Binding Protein) and EndoCab IgM] and ID [I-FABP (Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein)] were evaluated at COVID-19 diagnosis and after 7 days. As a control group, age- and gender-matched healthy donors (HDs) enrolled during the same study period were included. Median age was 66 (56-71) years. Twenty-one (46.6%) were admitted to ICU and mortality was 22% (10/45). Compared to HD, a high degree of MT and ID was observed. ICU patients had higher levels of MT, but not of ID, than non-ICU ones. Likewise, patients with BSI had lower EndoCab IgM than non-BSI. Interestingly, patients with high degree of MT and low ID were likely to be admitted to ICU (AUC 0.822). Patients with COVID-19 exhibited high level of MT, especially subjects admitted to ICU. COVID-19 is associated with gut permeability.

Patients with post-acute sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC, i.e., Long COVID) have a symptom co…

Männer sind anfälliger für eine Reihe von chronischen Infektionen – Frauen wiederum reagieren häufiger mit Nebenwirkungen auf Infektionen. Weshalb das so ist – und warum es in Zukunft mehr in der klinischen Praxis berücksichtigt werden sollte

Background In the post-pandemic era, a wide range of COVID-19 sequelae is of growing health concern. However, the risks of digestive diseases in long COVID have not been comprehensively understood. To investigate the long-term risk of digestive diseases among COVID patients. Methods In this large-scale retrospective cohort study with up to 2.6 years follow-up (median follow-up: 0.7 years), the COVID-19 group (n = 112,311), the contemporary comparison group (n = 359,671) and the historical comparison group (n = 370,979) predated the COVID-19 outbreak were built using UK Biobank database. Each digestive outcome was defined as the diagnosis 30 days or more after the onset of COVID-19 infection or the index date. Hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed utilizing the Cox regression models after inverse probability weighting. Results Compared with the contemporary comparison group, patients with previous COVID-19 infection had higher risks of digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.51)); peptic ulcer disease (HR 1.23 (1.00 to 1.52)); gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (HR 1.41 (1.30 to 1.53)); gallbladder disease (HR 1.21 (1.06 to 1.38)); severe liver disease (HR 1.35 (1.03 to 1.76)); non-alcoholic liver disease (HR 1.27 (1.09 to 1.47)); and pancreatic disease (HR 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66)). The risks of GERD were increased stepwise with the severity of the acute phase of COVID-19 infection. Even after 1-year follow-up, GERD (HR 1.64 (1.30 to 2.07)) and GI dysfunction (HR 1.35 (1.04 to 1.75)) continued to pose risks to COVID-19 patients. Compared to those with one SARS-CoV-2 infection, reinfected patients were at a higher risk of pancreatic diseases (HR 2.57 (1.23 to 5.38)). The results were consistent when the historical cohort was used as the comparison group. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the association between COVID-19 and the long-term risk of digestive system disorders. COVID-19 patients are at a higher risk of developing digestive diseases. The risks exhibited a stepwise escalation with the severity of COVID-19, were noted in cases of reinfection, and persisted even after 1-year follow-up. This highlights the need to understand the varying risks of digestive outcomes in COVID-19 patients over time, particularly those who experienced reinfection, and develop appropriate follow-up strategies.

There are no vaccines.

Chinesische Forscher haben Mäuse mit einem Virus aus dem Coronastamm infiziert. Fast keines der Nagetiere überlebte den Test.

Lots of areas of the brain (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala, motor cortex, and more) have been implicated in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), but somehow it fits that the most difficult-to-reach and hard-to-study part of the brain – the brainstem – might just be the cat’s meow. As […]

An obscure class of molecules, part of the vast system that helps the human body distinguish "self" from "non-self," may also hold the key to stopping SARS-CoV-2 from commandeering healthy cells, scientists ...

A groundbreaking report on the genomics of why some people do not develop symptoms of COVID sheds new light on the genetic backgrounds of patients.

Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature.

Researchers evaluate the virucidal effects of ELAH against SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus-229E in a nasal spray formulation.

Only 41 (6.3%) out of 645 patients with #LongCovid recovered after 2 years. High quality study, because these patients were interviewed by a physician. pic.twitter.com/5WBuvOiyc4— Sue (@inkblue01) January 8, 2024

Analysis of blood revealed that Long COVID is characterized by changes to complement proteins and platelet activation.

We examine the relationship between cognitive ability and prompt COVID-19 vaccination using individual-level data on more than 700,000 individuals in …

The emergence of the JN.1 variant, with its unique genetic makeup, has raised concerns among public health experts due to its association with severe

Timely, accurate, and comprehensive estimates of SARS-CoV-2 daily infection rates, cumulative infections, the proportion of the population that has been infected at least once, and the effective reproductive number (Reffective) are essential for understanding the determinants of past infection, current transmission patterns, and a population’s susceptibility to future infection with the same variant. Although several studies have estimated cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infections in select locations at specific points in time, all of these analyses have relied on biased data inputs that were not adequately corrected for. In this study, we aimed to provide a novel approach to estimating past SARS-CoV-2 daily infections, cumulative infections, and the proportion of the population infected, for 190 countries and territories from the start of the pandemic to Nov 14, 2021. This approach combines data from reported cases, reported deaths, excess deaths attributable to COVID-19, hospitalisations, and seroprevalence surveys to produce more robust estimates that minimise constituent biases

Die FPÖ und andere Rechtsparteien behaupten, dass die Welt über Nutzen und Wirkung der Covid-Impfstoffe getäuscht wurde. Die Fakten erzählen aber eine ganz andere Geschichte.