Covid19-Sources

The graph at the left is weeks behind. On the right, from Minnesota's twin cities, is where we are headed. BA.4/BA.5 has more immune evasiveness than BA.1.12.1, more transmissibility, and more pathogenic in the lab and experimental model https://t.co/x2K0UT1Tqg pic.twitter.com/JhD6Fhbhe8— Eric Topol (@EricTopol) June 6, 2022

Babies born to mothers who suffered COVID-19 disease during pregnancy seem to exhibit differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 weeks, according to a preliminary analysis presented in the 30th European ...

The neutralising activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was highly predictive of neutralisation of variants of concern. Decreases in neutralisation titre to the alpha (1·6-fold), beta (8·8-fold), gamma (3·5-fold), and delta (3·9-fold) variants (compared to the ancestral virus) were not significantly different between different vaccines. Neutralisation remained strongly correlated with protection from symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (rS=0·81, p=0·0005) and the existing model remained predictive of vaccine efficacy against variants of concern once decreases in neutralisation to the variants of concern were incorporated. Modelling of predicted vaccine efficacy against variants over time suggested that protection against symptomatic infection might decrease below 50% within the first year after vaccination for some vaccines. Boosting of previously infected individuals with existing vaccines (which target ancestral virus) is predicted to provide a higher degree of protection from infection with variants of concern than primary vaccination schedules alone.

COVID-19 vaccination resistance has become a major challenge to prevent global SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Here we report that the vaccination coverage rate is inversely correlated to the mutation frequency of the full genome ( R 2=0.878) and spike gene ( R 2=0.829) of SARS-CoV-2 delta variants in 16 countries, suggesting that full vaccination against COVID-19, with other mitigation strategies, is critical to suppress emergent mutations. Neutrality analysis of DH and Zeng’s E tests suggested that directional selection was the major driving force of delta variant evolution. To eliminate the homogenous effects (population expansion, selective sweep etc.), the synonymous ( D syn) and nonsynonymous ( D nonsyn) polymorphisms of the delta variant spike gene were estimated with Tajima’s D statistic. Both D ratio ( D nonsyn/ D syn) and Δ D ( D syn- D nonsyn) have positive correlation with the full vaccination rate ( R 2= 0.723 and 0.505, respectively) in 19 countries, indicating that purifying selection pressure of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene increased as the vaccination coverage rate increased. Taken together, our data suggests that vaccination plays an important role in the purifying selection force of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 delta variants. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Clinical Trial Not applicable ### Funding Statement No funding ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: No patients were involved and no IRB was required in this study. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes 1.The World Health organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. 2. Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data. 3. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. Our World in Data.

Regensburg/Erlangen/Jena – Die Datenlage zu Long COVID oder dem Post-COVID-Syndrom bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ist dünn – vor allem für Kinder, die jünger als... #LongCOVID #CoKiBa

Omicron is the evolutionarily most distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) to date. We report that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals resulted in strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, but not against the Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5. BA.1 breakthrough infection induced a robust recall response, primarily expanding BMEM cells against epitopes shared broadly amongst variants, rather than inducing BA.1-specific B cells. The vaccination-imprinted BMEM cell pool had sufficient plasticity to be remodeled by heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. While selective amplification of BMEM cells recognizing shared epitopes allows for effective neutralization of most variants that evade previously established immunity, susceptibility to escape by variants that acquire alterations at hitherto conserved sites may be heightened.

How many COVID infections will you have in your lifetime? There’s probably a limit.

The rise of allergy and autoimmune diseases is due to much more than rampant cleanliness. Is it time to throw out the hygiene hypothesis?

Data from more than 80,000 children with COVID suggests a quarter of them had symptoms that lingered for at least 4-12 weeks.

Muscle weakness was present in 50%, myopathic electromyography in 75% while in all patients, there were histological changes. Muscle fiber atrophy was found in 38%, and 56% showed indications of fiber regeneration. Mitochondrial changes, comprising loss of COX activity, subsarcollemmal accumulation and/or abnormal cristae, were present in 62%. Inflammation was found in 62%, seen as T-lymphocytes and/or muscle fiber HLA-ABC expression. In 75%, capillaries were affected involving basal lamina and cells. In two patients, uncommon amounts of basal lamina were found, not only surrounding muscle fibers but also around nerves and capillaries.

There are so many parts of this preprint that I wish I could make basically everyone understand but if there's just one part I must pick- this. 🧵Correlates of protection, thresholds of protection, and immunobridging in SARS-CoV-2 infection https://t.co/Q0yot7muHN pic.twitter.com/TsuZdlHlcr— Edward Nirenberg 🇺🇦 (@ENirenberg) June 7, 2022

147 households (261 participants) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Household SARS-129 CoV-2 infection probability was 25.8%; participant infection probability was similar for children (14.0%,CI:8.0-19.6%), teenagers (12.1%,CI:8.2-15.9%), and adults (14.0%,CI:9.5-18.4%). Infections were symptomatic in 24.5% of children, 41.2% of teenagers, and 62.5% of adults. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma was not a risk factor for infection (aHR=1.04,CI:0.73-1.46), nor was upper respiratory allergy or eczema. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed food allergy was associated with lower infection risk (aHR=0.50,CI:0.32-0.81); higher BMI was associated with increased infection risk (aHR per 10-point increase:1.09,CI:1.03-1.15). Household secondary attack rate was 57.7%. Asthma was not associated with household transmission, but transmission was lower in households with food allergy (aOR=0.43,CI:0.19-0.96,p=0.04)

Objective To examine the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine compared with three vaccine doses over the span of 10 weeks. Design Retrospective, test negative, case-control study, with a matched analysis and an unmatched multiple tests analysis. Setting Nationally centralised database of Maccabi Healthcare Services, an Israeli national health fund for 2.5 million people; from 10 January 2022 (seven days after the fourth dose was first given to eligible individuals) to 13 March 2022, an omicron dominant period in Israel. Participants 97 499 Maccabi Healthcare Services members aged 60 years and older, who were eligible to receive a fourth vaccine dose and obtained at least one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test during the study. Main outcome measures Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as a positive PCR test performed seven or more days after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine; and breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in severe covid-19 disease, defined as hospital admission or death related to covid-19. Results 27 876 participants received the fourth BNT162b2 vaccine dose and 69 623 received three doses only. Of 106 participants who died during the follow-up period, 77 had had their third doses only and 23 had had their fourth doses during the first three weeks after inoculation. In the first three weeks, a fourth dose provided additional protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease relative to three doses of the vaccine. However, relative vaccine effectiveness against infection quickly decreased over time, peaking during the third week at 65.1% (95% confidence interval 63.0% to 67.1%) and falling to 22.0% (4.9% to 36.1%) by the end of the 10 week follow-up period. Unlike relative effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose against severe covid-19 was maintained at a high level (72%) throughout follow-up. However, severe disease was a relatively rare event, occurring in

Was ist #BC007, warum ist es ein Hoffnungsträger für #LongCovid Betroffene und was sind #Aptamere ?Ein kurzer 🧵LongCovid kann unterschiedliche Ursachen haben, zwei davon sind 1) eine persistierende Infektion (evtl Paxlovid wirksam?) und 2) eine Autoimmunerkrankung 1/— Johann Holzmann (@JohannHolzmann) June 3, 2022

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that VOCs retain similar MHC-I downregulation capacity compared to the ancestral virus. However, VOCs exhibit a greater ability to suppress type I IFN than the ancestral virus. Although VOCs possess unique mutations within the ORF8 gene, which suppresses MHC-I expression, none of these mutations enhanced the ability of ORF8 to suppress MHC-I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo . Collectively, our data suggest that the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 already possesses an intrinsically potent MHC-I evasion capacity, and that further adaptation by the variants was not observed. Summary Moriyama et al. demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern retain similar MHC-I downregulation capacity compared to the ancestral virus. The results suggest that MHC-I evasion capacity is optimized in the ancestral virus and thus further adaptation was not observed. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

A significant number of COVID-19 patients develop 'long COVID', a condition defined by long-lasting debilitating, often neurological, symptoms. The pathophysiology of long COVID is unknown. Here we present in-vivo evidence of widespread neuroinflammation in long COVID, using a quantitative assessment, [18F]DPA-714 PET, in two long COVID patients. We reanalyzed historical data from three matched healthy control subjects, for comparison purposes. Both patients with long COVID had widespread increases in [18F]DPA-714 binding throughout the brain. Quantitative measures of binding (BPND values) were increased on average by 121% and 76%, respectively. This implicates profound neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of long COVID. ### Competing Interest Statement EG has a consultancy agreement with IXICO for the reading of PET scans and is involved in investigator-initiated sponsored research with Heuron Co., Ltd. FB is member of the Radiology editorial board. AW is editor-in-chief of Nuclear Medicine and Biology. BB has received research support from EU-FP7, CTMM, ZonMw, NWO and Alzheimer Nederland. BvB has performed contract research for Rodin, IONIS, AVID, Eli Lilly, UCB, DIAN-TUI and Janssen. BvB was a speaker at a symposium organized by Springer Healthcare. BB has a consultancy agreement with IXICO for the reading of PET scans. BB is a trainer for GE. BB only receives financial compensation from Amsterdam UMC. No other potential conflicts of interest were reported. ### Clinical Trial NCT05371522 ### Funding Statement This study was funded by a ZonMw grant (number: 10430302110003) ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, and registered under 2021-000781-15 in the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) and under [NCT05371522][1] in ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT05371522&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2022%2F06%2F04%2F2022.06.02.22275916.atom

Denver/Colorado – Menschen mit einer Nahrungsmittelallergie infizierten sich in einer Beobachtungsstudie des National Institute of Allergy and Infectious... #Nahrungsmittelallergie #COVID19 #Studie #JACI

BACKGROUND Prior studies reported large decreases in US life expectancy during 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionately affecting Hispanic and Black populations and vastly exceeding the average change in life expectancy in other high-income countries. Life expectancy estimates for 2021 have not been reported. This study estimated changes in life expectancy during 2019-2021 in the US population, in US racial/ethnic groups, and in 21 peer countries. The study compared outcomes across five US racial/ethnic groups and is the first to estimate changes in life expectancy during the pandemic in non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian populations. METHODS US and peer country death data for 2019-2021 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics, the Human Mortality Database, and overseas statistical agencies. The 21 peer countries included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Life expectancy was calculated for 2019 and 2020 and estimated for 2021 using a previously validated modeling method. RESULTS US life expectancy decreased from 78.85 years in 2019 to 76.98 years in 2020 and 76.44 years in 2021, a net loss of 2.41 years. In contrast, peer countries averaged a smaller decrease in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 (0.55 years) and a 0.26-year increase between 2020 and 2021, widening the gap in life expectancy between the United States and peer countries to more than five years. The decrease in US life expectancy was highly racialized: whereas the largest decreases in 2020 occurred among non-Hispanic (NH) American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, NH Black, and NH Asian populations, in 2021 the largest decreases occurred in the NH White population. DISCUSSION The US mortality experience during 2020 and 2021 was more severe than in peer countries, deepening a US disadvantage in health and survival that has been building for decades. Over the two-year period between 2019 and 2021, US NH American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and NH Black populations experienced the largest losses in life expectancy, reflecting the ongoing legacy of systemic racism as well as inadequacies in the US handling of the pandemic. The crossover in racialized outcomes between 2020 and 2021, in which the NH White population experienced the largest decreases, likely has multiple explanations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Dr. Masters received support from the University of Colorado Population Center grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (CUPC project 2P2CHD066613-06). Dr. Woolf received partial funding from grant UL1TR002649 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. There was no specific funding for this study. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript.

Vaccination policies have shifted dramatically during COVID-19 with the rapid emergence of population-wide vaccine mandates, domestic vaccine passports and differential restrictions based on vaccination status. While these policies have prompted ethical, scientific, practical, legal and political debate, there has been limited evaluation of their potential unintended consequences. Here, we outline a comprehensive set of hypotheses for why these policies may ultimately be counterproductive and harmful. Our framework considers four domains: (1) behavioural psychology, (2) politics and law, (3) socioeconomics, and (4) the integrity of science and public health. While current vaccines appear to have had a significant impact on decreasing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality burdens, we argue that current mandatory vaccine policies are scientifically questionable and are likely to cause more societal harm than good. Restricting people’s access to work, education, public transport and social life based on COVID-19 vaccination status impinges on human rights, promotes stigma and social polarisation, and adversely affects health and well-being. Current policies may lead to a widening of health and economic inequalities, detrimental long-term impacts on trust in government and scientific institutions, and reduce the uptake of future public health measures, including COVID-19 vaccines as well as routine immunisations. Mandating vaccination is one of the most powerful interventions in public health and should be used sparingly and carefully to uphold ethical norms and trust in institutions. We argue that current COVID-19 vaccine policies should be re-evaluated in light of the negative consequences that we outline. Leveraging empowering strategies based on trust and public consultation, and improving healthcare services and infrastructure, represent a more sustainable approach to optimising COVID-19 vaccination programmes and, more broadly, the health and well-being of the public. There are no data in this work.

Background: There has been considerable debate around mask requirements in schools in the United States and other countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. To dat

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens vulnerable patient populations, resulting in immense pressures at the local, regional, national, and international levels to contain the virus. Laboratory-based studies demonstrate that masks may offer benefit ...

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in over 500 million infections and more than six million deaths worldwide. Although the viral genomes of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 share high sequence homology, the clinical and pathological features of COVID-19 differ profoundly from those of SARS. It is apparent that changes in viral genes contribute to the increased transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 and pathology of COVID-19. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a key role in the elimination of virus-infected cells, mediated by recognition of virus-derived peptides that are presented on MHC class I molecules. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can interfere with antigen presentation thereby evading immune surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 infection of monkey and human cell lines resulted in reduced cell-surface expression of MHC class I molecules. We identified a single viral gene product, the accessory factor open reading frame 7a (ORF7a), that mediates this effect. ORF7a interacts with HLA class I molecules in the ER, resulting in ER retention or impaired HLA heavy chain (HC) trafficking to the Golgi. Ultimately, these actions result in reduced HLA class I surface expression on infected cells. Whereas ORF7a from SARS-CoV-2 reduces surface HLA class I levels, the homologous ORF7a from the 2002 pandemic SARS-CoV-1 did not, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a acquired the ability to downregulate HLA-I during evolution of the virus. We identified a single amino acid in the SARS-CoV-1 ORF7a luminal domain that, upon mutating to the corresponding SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a sequence, induced a gain-of-function in HLA surface downregulation. By abrogating HLA class I antigen presentation via ORF7a, SARS-CoV-2 may evade host immune responses by inhibiting anti-viral cytotoxic T cell activity, thereby contributing to the pathology of COVID-19. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

This clinical framework is intended to provide a structure for the investigation, transfer and management of children with novel non-A-E acute hepatitis in the context of an emergence of a novel disease. The recommendations within this guidance are based on existing principles of management of acute hepatitis and acute liver failure and on expert consensus opinion in the absence of high quality evidence around this novel condition.

Omicron's lethality rate among seniors was worse than Deltahttps://t.co/DqZooPJKvaThe waning of vaccinations, lack of adequate booster uptake in this high-risk age group were contributory factors— Eric Topol (@EricTopol) May 31, 2022

via CDC We’ve been tracking retractions of papers about COVID-19 as part of our database. Here’s a running list, which will be updated as needed. (For some context on these figures, see…

Importance The performance of immunoassays for determining past SARS-CoV-2 infection, which were developed in unvaccinated individuals, has not been assessed in vaccinated individuals. Objective To evaluate anti-nucleocapsid antibody (anti-N Ab) seropositivity in mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial participants after SARS-CoV-2 infection during the trial’s blinded phase. Design Nested analysis in a Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled vaccine efficacy trial. Nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing were taken from all participants on Day 1 and Day 29 (vaccination days), and during symptom-prompted illness visits. Serum samples from Days 1, 29, 57, and the Participant Decision Visit (PDV, when participants were informed of treatment assignment, median day 149) were tested for anti-N Abs. Setting Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 99 sites in the US. Participants Trial participants were ≥ 18 years old with no known history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and at appreciable risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or high risk of severe Covid-19. Nested sub-study consists of participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the blinded phase of the trial. Intervention Two mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or Placebo injections, 28 days apart. Main Outcome and Measure Detection of serum anti-N Abs by the Elecsys (Roche) immunoassay in samples taken at the PDV from participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the blinded phase. The hypothesis tested was that mRNA-1273 recipients have different anti-N Ab seroconversion and/or seroreversion profiles after SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to placebo recipients. The hypothesis was formed during data collection; all main analyses were pre-specified before being conducted. Results We analyzed data from 1,789 participants (1,298 placebo recipients and 491 vaccine recipients) with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the blinded phase (through March 2021). Among participants with PCR-confirmed Covid-19 illness, seroconversion to anti-N Abs at a median follow up of 53 days post diagnosis occurred in 21/52 (40%) of the mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients vs. 605/648 (93%) of the placebo recipients (p 0.001). Higher SARS-CoV-2 viral copies at diagnosis was associated with a higher likelihood of anti-N Ab seropositivity (odds ratio 1.90 per 1-log increase; 95% confidence interval 1.59, 2.28). Conclusions and Relevance As a marker of recent infection, anti-N Abs may have lower sensitivity in mRNA-1273-vaccinated persons who become infected. Vaccination status should be considered when interpreting seroprevalence and seropositivity data based solely on anti-N Ab testing Trial Registration [ClinicalTrials.gov][1] [NCT04470427][2] Question Does prior mRNA-1273 vaccination influence anti-nucleocapsid antibody seroconversion and/or seroreversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection? Findings Among participants in the mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy trial with PCR-confirmed Covid-19, anti-nucleocapsid antibody seroconversion at the time of study unblinding (median 53 days post diagnosis and 149 days post enrollment) occurred in 40% of the mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients vs. 93% of the placebo recipients, a significant difference. Higher SARS-CoV-2 viral copy number upon diagnosis was associated with a greater chance of anti-nucleocapsid antibody seropositivity (odds ratio 1.90 per 1-log increase; 95% confidence interval 1.59, 2.28). All infections analyzed occurred prior to the circulation of delta and omicron viral variants. Meaning Conclusions about the prevalence and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated persons based on anti-nucleocapsid antibody assays need to be weighed in the context of these results. ### Competing Interest Statement All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf. H.E.J. declares support in the form of grants (paid to her institution) from the National Institutes of Health for the submitted work and within the past 36 months, as well as support from a scientific writer/technical editor (independently contracted with her institution) for the submitted work and within the past 36 months. H.Z. is an employee of Moderna Inc. (sponsor of the mRNA-1273-P301 study) and owns Moderna stocks/stock options. B.G. is an employee of Moderna Therapeutics. K.M. declares support from Gilead Sciences, paid to her institution, within the past 36 months for the conduct of phase 3 remdesivir studies for COVID-19 treatment. K.K. declares support in the form of grants (paid to her institution) from the National Institutes of Health within the past 36 months for the conduct of a trial of Novavax's COVID-19 vaccine. L.C. declares support in the form of grants (paid to his institution) from the National Institutes of Health for the submitted work. K.M.N. declares support to her institution (but no salary support) for her role as an investigator on the Phase 1 trial of the Pfizer Covid-19 mRNA vaccine, and also declares salary support from the NIH for her role in co-leading the Coronavirus Prevention Network, which included work on multiple Phase 3 efficacy studies, including the study of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. K.M.N. also serves on a DSMB for a phase-1, open-label, ascending dose evaluation of a live, recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (NDV-HXP-S) sponsored by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, is on the Board of Directors for the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, and is a member of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). J.M.M. is an employee of Moderna and has stock options/grants in Moderna. H.M.E.S. declares support (in the form of grants paid to her institution) from the National Institutes of Health for the submitted work. L.R.B. declares support (in the form of grants paid to his institution) from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) for the conduct of this study as well as grants (paid to his institution) within the last 36 months from NIH/NIAID, Gates Foundation, the Ragon Institute, and Wellcome Trust, outside the submitted work. L.R.B. is involved in HIV, other pathogens, and COVID vaccine clinical trials conducted in collaboration with the NIH, HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), COVID Vaccine Prevention Network (CoVPN), International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Crucell/Janssen, Moderna, Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Gates Foundation, and the Ragon Institute. All other authors declare no support from any organization for the submitted work, no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. ### Funding Statement This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases through grants UM1AI068635 (to H.E.J.), UM1AI068614 (to L.C.), 3UM1Al148575-01S2 (to H.M.E.S.), and UM1AI069412 (to L.R.B.). The mRNA-1273-P301 study is sponsored by Moderna, Inc. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The mRNA-1273-P301 study is being conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable government regulations. The Central Institutional Review Board approved the mRNA-1273-P301 protocol and the consent forms. All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. Central IRB services for the mRNA-1273-P301 study were provided by Advarra, Inc., 6100 Merriweather Dr., Suite 600, Columbia, MD 21044. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes As the trial is ongoing, access to participant-level data and supporting clinical documents with qualified external researchers may be available upon request and is subject to review once the trial is complete. [1]: http://ClinicalTrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT04470427&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2022%2F04%2F19%2F2022.04.18.22271936.atom

We resolve conflicting results regarding mask wearing against COVID-19. Most previous work focused on mask mandates; we study the effect of mask weari...

Nature Communications - The antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is not well studied in children. Here, the authors provide an age-stratified analysis of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing...

Silver Spring/Maryland – Kinder, die nach einer Infektion mit einer früheren Variante von SARS-CoV-2 an COVID-19 oder einem multisystemischen Entzündungssyndrom... #COVID19 #Omikron #Antikoerperschutz #Infektionen #Kinder