Covid19-Sources

The high prevalence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a significant health concern. In particular, virus-specific immunity in patients who suffer from chronic neurologic symptoms after mild acute COVID remain poorly understood. Here, we report that neuro-PASC patients have a specific signature composed of humoral and cellular immune responses that are biased towards different structural proteins compared to healthy COVID convalescents. Interestingly, the severity of cognitive deficits or quality of life markers in neuro-PASC patients are associated with reduced effector molecule expressionn in memory T cells. 21 Furthermore, we demonstrate that T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are aberrantly elevated in longitudinally sampled neuro-PASC patients compared with healthy COVID convalescents. These data provide a framework for the rational design of diagnostics and predictive biomarkers for long-COVID disease, as well as a blueprint for improved therapeutics.

Chronic COVID-19 is characterized by persistent viral RNA and sustained interferon (IFN) response which is recapitulated and required for pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infected MISTRG6-hACE2 humanized mice. As in the human disease, monocytes, and macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infected MISTRG6-hACE2 are central to disease pathology. Here, we describe SARS-CoV-2 uptake in tissue resident human macrophages that is enhanced by virus specific antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 replicates in these human macrophages as evidenced by detection of double-stranded RNA, subgenomic viral RNA and expression of a virally encoded fluorescent reporter gene; and it is inhibited by Remdesivir, an inhibitor of viral replication. Although early IFN deficiency leads to enhanced disease, blocking either viral replication with Remdesivir or the downstream IFN stimulated cascade by injecting anti-IFNAR2 in vivo in the chronic stages of disease attenuates many aspects of the overactive immune-inflammatory response, especially the inflammatory macrophage response, and most consequentially, the chronic disease itself. ### Competing Interest Statement RAF is an advisor to Glaxo Smith Kline and Zai labs.

Diese VDMA-Veröffentlichung basiert in wesentlichen Passagen auf den Inhalten des FGK-Status-Report 52 „Anforderungen an Lüftung und Luftreinigung zur Reduktion des Infektionsrisikos über den Luftweg – AHA + Lüftung“ [1] in der Ausgabe vom Januar 2021, herausgegeben vom Fachverband Gebäude-Klima e.V. (FGK). Lüftungsanlagen und Luftreinigungssysteme können einen erheblichen Beitrag zum Infektionsschutz in Innenräumen leisten, weil sie kontinuierlich die Konzentration luftgetragener Keime in der Raumluft von Innenräumen reduzieren. Dies erfolgt durch Zuführung von Außenluft und/oder eine zielführende Luftreinigung. Diese Tatsache gilt grundsätzlich und nicht nur in Bezug auf den seit Anfang 2020 weltweit grassierenden Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

@selise @GilleyBraggcjoy @DecodingTrolls @mugecevik https://t.co/iGhnfmP5d9 https://t.co/vcBjnXh1Vs https://t.co/JvbFx7DLUg meanwhile fools cannot make heads or tails of this and just have a hammer-and-nail understanding of immune memory... https://t.co/9ebZb76v9m

Besorgniserregend: - #SARSCoV2 kann zu einer Dysfunktion bzw. Erschöpfung bestimmter T-Zell-Subsets führen - kann sich in Makrophagen replizieren. - #Delta repliziert sich schnell und ist immunoevasiv genug, um das zelluläre adaptive Immunsystem zu unterlaufen. Dazu kommt, 1/4

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An inexpensive type of portable filter efficiently screened SARS-CoV-2 and other disease-causing organisms from hospital air.

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Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar

Swimming pool water can inactivate the Covid-19 virus in only 30 seconds under the right conditions, reveals a study by Imperial College London

Für die häufigen neurologischen Symptome bei Covid-19 sind mehrere Ursachen denkbar

Comparing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic between countries or across time is difficult because the reported numbers of cases and deaths can be strongly affected by testing capacity and reporting policy. Excess mortality, defined as the increase in ...

The story of ivermectin for Covid-19 continues to get even more worrisome

The timeframe for reinfection is fundamental to numerous aspects of public health decision making. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, reinfection is likely to become increasingly common. Maintaining public health measures that curb transmission—including among individuals who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2—coupled with persistent efforts to accelerate vaccination worldwide is critical to the prevention of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Background The infection fatality rate (IFR) of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) varies widely according to age and residence status. Purpose Estimate the IFR of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly populations and other age groups from seroprevalence studies. Study protocol: https://osf.io/47cgb. Data Sources Seroprevalence studies done in 2020 and identified by any of four existing systematic reviews. Study Selection SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies with ≥1000 participants aged ≥70 years that presented seroprevalence in elderly people; aimed to generate samples reflecting the general population; and whose location had available data on cumulative COVID-19 deaths in elderly (primary cutoff ≥70 years; ≥65 or ≥60 also eligible). Data Extraction We extracted the most fully adjusted (if unavailable, unadjusted) seroprevalence estimates and sampling procedure details. We also extracted age- and residence-stratified cumulative COVID-19 deaths (until 1 week after the seroprevalence sampling midpoint) from official reports, and population statistics, to calculate IFRs corrected for unmeasured antibody types. Sample size-weighted IFRs were estimated for countries with multiple estimates. Secondary analyses examined data on younger age strata from the same studies. Data Synthesis Twenty-three seroprevalence surveys representing 14 countries were included. Across all countries, the median IFR in community-dwelling elderly and elderly overall was 2.4% (range 0.3%-7.2%) and 5.5% (range 0.3%-12.1%). IFR was higher with larger proportions of people 85 years. Younger age strata had low IFR values (median 0.0027%, 0.014%, 0.031%, 0.082%, 0.27%, and 0.59%, at 0-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69 years). Limitations Biases in seroprevalence and mortality data. Conclusions The IFR of COVID-19 in community-dwelling elderly people is lower than previously reported. Very low IFRs were confirmed in the youngest populations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement No funding was received specifically for this work. Outside this work, the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (Stanford University) is supported by a grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. Dr Axfors is supported by postdoctoral grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Uppsala University, the Swedish Society of Medicine, the Blanceflor Foundation, and the Sweden-America Foundation. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Not applicable All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes The protocol, data, and code used for this analysis will be made available at the Open Science Framework upon publication. https://osf.io/47cgb

Between Dec 14, 2020, and Aug 8, 2021, of 4 920 549 individuals assessed for eligibility, we included 3 436 957 (median age 45 years [IQR 29–61]; 1 799 395 [52·4%] female and 1 637 394 [47·6%] male). For fully vaccinated individuals, effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections was 73% (95% CI 72–74) and against COVID-19-related hospital admissions was 90% (89–92). Effectiveness against infections declined from 88% (95% CI 86–89) during the first month after full vaccination to 47% (43–51) after 5 months. Among sequenced infections, vaccine effectiveness against infections of the delta variant was high during the first month after full vaccination (93% [95% CI 85–97]) but declined to 53% [39–65] after 4 months. Effectiveness against other (non-delta) variants the first month after full vaccination was also high at 97% (95% CI 95–99), but waned to 67% (45–80) at 4–5 months. Vaccine effectiveness against hospital admissions for infections with the delta variant for all ages was high overall (93% [95% CI 84–96]) up to 6 months.

The chronic condition already put a huge burden on global health systems

Our results provide support for high effectiveness of BNT162b2 against hospital admissions up until around 6 months after being fully vaccinated, even in the face of widespread dissemination of the delta variant. Reduction in vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time is probably primarily due to waning immunity with time rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.

Sevilla – Spanische Forscher haben im Glomus caroticum, das an der Aufzweigung der Halsschlagader in Carotis interna und externa den Sauerstoffgehalt des Blutes... #Studie #Mutation #COVID19 #SARSCoV2 #Function

In the US there have been 532 paediatric influenza deaths in the last 3 seasons (48 months; 11 deaths/month) and 561 paediatric COVID-19 deaths since the pandemic began (20 months; 28 deaths/month). https://t.co/ONNUZzdBhO

Researchers' painstaking examinations have begun to reveal how the virus wreaks havoc in multiple organs and tissues.

Auch vollständig Geimpfte können sich mit SARS-CoV-2 infizieren. Eine Studie aus Großbritannien zeigt nun, dass sich allerdings die Symptome von bereits Geimpften von denen ungeimpfter Personen unter

Background: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are mitigation strategies used to reduce the spread of transmissible diseases. The relative effectiveness of specific NPIs remains uncertain. Methods: We used state-level Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and mortality data between January 19, 2020 and March 7, 2021 to model NPI policy effectiveness. Empirically derived breakpoints in case and mortality velocities were used to identify periods of stable, decreasing, or increasing COVID-19 burden. The associations between NPI adoption and subsequent decreases in case or death velocities were estimated using generalized linear models accounting for weekly variability shared across states. State-level NPI policies included: stay at home order, indoor public gathering ban (mild >10 or severe ≤10), indoor restaurant dining ban, and public mask mandate. Results: 28,602,830 cases and 511,899 deaths were recorded. The odds of a decrease in COVID-19 case velocity were significantly elevated for stay at home (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.63-2.52), indoor dining ban (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25-2.10), public mask mandate (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47-3.23), and severe gathering ban (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.31-2.16). In mutually adjusted models, odds remained elevated for stay at home (AOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.07) and public mask mandate (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41). Stay at home (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.53-2.62; AOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.25-2.87) was also associated with greater likelihood of decrease in death velocity in unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions: NPIs employed in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic, most significantly stay at home orders, were associated with decreased COVID-19 burden. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Authors deny receiving payment or services from a third party for any aspect of the submitted work. No external or internal funding was received for this work. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: The UCLA IRB reviewed a request for exemption and granted this exemption. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Data referred to in the manuscript can be made available by request at the discretion of the authors.

Background Pre-Delta, vaccination reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from individuals infected despite vaccination, potentially via reducing viral loads. While vaccination still lowers the risk of infection, similar viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals infected with Delta question how much vaccination prevents onward transmission. Methods We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected index cases using contact testing data from England. We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate the impact of index case and contact vaccination on transmission, and how this varies with Alpha and Delta variants (classified using S-gene detection/calendar trends) and time since second vaccination. Results 51,798/139,164(37.2%) contacts tested were PCR-positive. Two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines in Alpha variant index cases independently reduced PCR-positivity in contacts (aOR, adjusted odds ratio vs. unvaccinated=0.18[95%CI 0.12-0.29] and 0.37[0.22-0.63] respectively). The Delta variant attenuated vaccine-associated reductions in transmission: two BNT162b2 doses reduced Delta transmission (aOR=0.35[0.26-0.48]), more than ChAdOx1 (aOR=0.64[0.57-0.72]; heterogeneity p

For an unlucky few, yes

Although more patients are surviving COVID-19, there are emerging data on a substantial proportion of patients with persisting, and often debilitating, symptoms and sequelae for months following acute COVID-19. This scenario is commonly referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or long COVID.1 Some of the most commonly reported symptoms are fatigue, weakness, breathlessness, chest pain, and concentration impairment. Several independent studies have shown the existence of PASC, with chronic inflammation and chronic endothelial disease suggested among the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of this multifaceted condition.