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Persistent Health and Cognitive Impairments Up to Four Years Post-COVID-19 in Young Students: The Impact of Virus Variants and Vaccination Timing
Persistent Health and Cognitive Impairments Up to Four Years Post-COVID-19 in Young Students: The Impact of Virus Variants and Vaccination Timing
Abstract: The long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection are becoming increasingly evident in recent studies. This repeated cross-sectional study aimed to explore the long-term health and cognitive effects of COVID-19, focusing on how virus variants, vaccination, illness severity, and time since infection impact post-COVID-19 outcomes. We examined three cohorts of university students (N=584) and used non-parametric methods to assess correlations of various health and cognitive variables with SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 severity, vaccination status, time since infection, time since vaccination, and virus variants. Our results show that some health and cognitive impairments persist, with some even progressively worsening especially fatigue in women and memory in men, up to four years post-infection, with the Wuhan variant having the most significant long-term impact and the Omicron variant the least. Interestingly, the severity of the acute illness was not correlated with the variant of SARS-CoV-2. The analysis also revealed that individuals who contracted COVID-19 after vaccination had better health and cognitive outcomes compared to those infected before vaccination. The study also discusses some limitations inherent in cross-sectional studies, particularly those arising from the stronger tendency of individuals with poorer health, compared to healthier individuals, to avoid infection and prioritize vaccination. To mitigate potential bias, the study proposes focusing on factors such as illness severity and time since infection or vaccination when analyzing persistent symptoms. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, grant number 22-20785S. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Science at Charles University gave ethical approval for this work (No. 2021/19) I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced are available online at Figshare 10.6084/m9.figshare.27618876
·medrxiv.org·
Persistent Health and Cognitive Impairments Up to Four Years Post-COVID-19 in Young Students: The Impact of Virus Variants and Vaccination Timing
Neutralizing antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 derivatives KP.3, KP.3.1.1, LB.1, and XEC
Neutralizing antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 derivatives KP.3, KP.3.1.1, LB.1, and XEC
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants poses ongoing challenges to vaccine efficacy. We evaluated neutralizing antibody responses against JN.1 and its derivatives (KP.3, KP.3.1.1, LB.1, and XEC) in healthcare workers who received seven doses of BNT162b2, including XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine. In COVID-19-naive individuals, KP.3.1.1 and LB.1 showed substantial immune escape, while previously infected individuals maintained neutralization activity against all variants. We also demonstrated that JN.1-based immunization induces robust cross-neutralizing activity against emerging variants. A single amino acid deletion at position 31 in the spike protein significantly impacted immune evasion. These findings support the potential effectiveness of JN.1-based vaccines while highlighting the need for continued surveillance and vaccine optimization. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
·biorxiv.org·
Neutralizing antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 derivatives KP.3, KP.3.1.1, LB.1, and XEC
SARS-CoV-2 burden on the floor was associated with COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in two acute care hospitals: a prospective cohort study | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core
SARS-CoV-2 burden on the floor was associated with COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in two acute care hospitals: a prospective cohort study | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core
SARS-CoV-2 burden on the floor was associated with COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in two acute care hospitals: a prospective cohort study
·cambridge.org·
SARS-CoV-2 burden on the floor was associated with COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in two acute care hospitals: a prospective cohort study | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core
SARS-CoV-2 variants induce increased inflammatory gene expression but reduced interferon responses and heme synthesis as compared with wild type strains
SARS-CoV-2 variants induce increased inflammatory gene expression but reduced interferon responses and heme synthesis as compared with wild type strains
Scientific Reports - SARS-CoV-2 variants induce increased inflammatory gene expression but reduced interferon responses and heme synthesis as compared with wild type strains
·nature.com·
SARS-CoV-2 variants induce increased inflammatory gene expression but reduced interferon responses and heme synthesis as compared with wild type strains
Reminder: Schleimhautimpfung zeigt vielversprechenden Schutz vor Omikron-Subvariante
Reminder: Schleimhautimpfung zeigt vielversprechenden Schutz vor Omikron-Subvariante
DMZ – FORSCHUNG ¦ Lena Wallner ¦ In einer aktuellen Studie wurde ein innovativer Ansatz zur COVID-19-Immunisierung entwickelt, der auf einer Schleimhautimpfung basiert und potenziell nachhaltigen Schutz gegen die hoch ansteckende Omikron-Subvariante XBB.1.16 bieten könnte. Die Forschung, die an nicht-menschlichen Primaten durchgeführt wurde, liefert vielversprechende Ergebnisse, die das Potenzial haben, die Impflandschaft gegen SARS-CoV-2 in Zukunft zu erweitern. Hintergrund der Studie Obwohl intramuskuläre COVID-19-Impfstoffe weltweit verfügbar sind, treten weiterhin Durchbruchsinfektionen auf. Diese tragen dazu bei, dass die Pandemie andauert, da die schützende Wirkung gegen Infektionen nach einigen Monaten nachlässt. Besonders gefährdet sind ältere Menschen und Personen mit geschwächtem Immunsystem, die auf herkömmliche Impfstoffe häufig nicht ausreichend ansprechen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Entwicklung von Impfstoffen, die effektiv vor Durchbruchsinfektionen schützen, von großer Bedeutung. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist die Schleimhautimpfung, die direkt auf die Atemwege abzielt und dort eine starke Immunabwehr aufbaut. Methodik der Studie In der Studie wurde ein auf Adenoviren basierender Impfstoff getestet, der in die Schleimhäute der Atemwege von Rhesusaffen verabreicht wurde. Die Affen hatten zuvor zwei Dosen eines mRNA-Impfstoffs erhalten. Zwei Gruppen erhielten den neuen Impfstoff auf unterschiedlichen Wegen: als Aerosol (AE) oder intranasal (i.n.). Eine dritte Gruppe erhielt eine Auffrischung mit einem herkömmlichen bivalenten mRNA-Impfstoff. Anschließend wurden die Tiere mit der Omikron-Subvariante XBB.1.16 infiziert. Die Studie zeigte, dass die Schleimhautimpfung eine robuste und lang anhaltende Immunantwort in den oberen und unteren Atemwegen auslöste. Besonders bemerkenswert war der Anstieg von IgA-Antikörpern, die eine entscheidende Rolle beim Schutz in den Schleimhäuten spielen. Die Gruppe, die den Impfstoff sowohl in die oberen als auch in die unteren Atemwege erhielt (AE-Gruppe), zeigte den umfassendsten Schutz, indem die Virusvermehrung nahezu vollständig unterdrückt wurde. Im Vergleich dazu konnte die intranasal geimpfte Gruppe (i.n.-Gruppe) die Virusvermehrung im Nasenraum zwar verhindern, jedoch nicht so effektiv in der Lunge. Ein weiterer wichtiger Befund war, dass die durch die Schleimhautimpfung induzierten IgA-Antikörper eine zentrale Rolle im Schutzmechanismus spielten, während die systemisch durch intramuskuläre Impfungen erzeugten IgG-Antikörper weniger Einfluss auf die Schleimhäute hatten. Implikationen und Ausblick Die Studie deutet darauf hin, dass eine gezielte Impfung der Atemwegsschleimhaut das Potenzial hat, die Ausbreitung von SARS-CoV-2 effektiv zu verhindern und die Entstehung neuer Virusvarianten zu verlangsamen. Zukünftige Impfstoffe, die sowohl die oberen als auch die unteren Atemwege erreichen, könnten eine umfassende und langlebige Immunität gegen verschiedene SARS-CoV-2-Varianten bieten. Die Forscher betonen, dass der Verabreichungsweg und die verwendeten Technologien entscheidend für den Impferfolg sind. Die in dieser Studie getestete Aerosol-Technologie, die bereits für andere medizinische Anwendungen zugelassen ist, zeigte sich als besonders effizient in der Induktion einer starken Immunantwort in der Lunge. Insgesamt bietet diese Studie eine vielversprechende Grundlage für die Weiterentwicklung von Schleimhautimpfstoffen, die nicht nur gegen SARS-CoV-2, sondern auch gegen andere Atemwegserkrankungen wirksam sein könnten. Allerdings sind weitere klinische Studien am Menschen notwendig, um die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit dieser neuen Impfstrategie zu bestätigen. Zur Studie
·dmz-news.eu·
Reminder: Schleimhautimpfung zeigt vielversprechenden Schutz vor Omikron-Subvariante
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular symptoms are associated with trace-level cytokines that affect cardiomyocyte function
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular symptoms are associated with trace-level cytokines that affect cardiomyocyte function
Nature Microbiology - Sinclair et al. explore the contribution of chronic inflammation to cardiovascular symptoms associated with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC-CVS). The authors...
·nature.com·
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular symptoms are associated with trace-level cytokines that affect cardiomyocyte function
A particulate saponin/TLR agonist vaccine adjuvant alters lymph flow and modulates adaptive immunity
A particulate saponin/TLR agonist vaccine adjuvant alters lymph flow and modulates adaptive immunity
Saponins are potent and safe vaccine adjuvants, but their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Here, we explored the properties of several saponin formulations, including immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) formed by the ...
·pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
A particulate saponin/TLR agonist vaccine adjuvant alters lymph flow and modulates adaptive immunity
Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses
Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses
Saponin-TLRa nanoadjuvants provide distinct immune signatures and drive potent, broad, and durable COVID-19 and HIV vaccine responses.
·science.org·
Saponin nanoparticle adjuvants incorporating Toll-like receptor agonists drive distinct immune signatures and potent vaccine responses
Myocarditis risk significantly higher after COVID-19 infection vs. after a COVID-19 vaccine
Myocarditis risk significantly higher after COVID-19 infection vs. after a COVID-19 vaccine
Research Highlights: Among nearly 43 million people in England, ages 13 and older, who received at least one dose and up to 3 doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, fewer than 3,000 people (0.007%) were hospitalized or died with myocarditis, inflammation of ...
·newsroom.heart.org·
Myocarditis risk significantly higher after COVID-19 infection vs. after a COVID-19 vaccine
Physical activity status prevents symptoms of long covid: Sulcovid-19 survey - BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
Physical activity status prevents symptoms of long covid: Sulcovid-19 survey - BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
Background Physical activity is indicated as a treatment for Long COVID, but prevention is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) before and after acute SARS-Cov-2 infection and the presence of Long COVID symptoms in adults. Methods We used data from the Sulcovid-19, a longitudinal study carried out with individuals who were infected by SARS-Cov-2 between December/2020 and March/2021. Participants were asked about 19 symptoms commonly associated with long COVID. Three PA variables were built, as follows: (1) remained inactive; (2) became inactive; (3) remained active. Results 2.919 people were interviewed. The prevalence of individuals who had at least one symptom of Long COVID is 48.3% (95%CI 46.5–51.1). Our results showed that 71.8% (95%CI 70.1–73.4) of the individuals remained inactive, 14.9% (95%CI 13.6–16.2) became inactive and 13.3% (95% CI 12.1–14.6) remained active. The likelihood of experiencing long COVID symptoms was reduced in the musculoskeletal (PR 0.70; 95%CI 0.49–0.99), neurological (PR 0.61; 95%CI 0.43–0.88), and respiratory (PR 0.58; 95%CI 0.35–0.96) systems in those who remained active. In addition, the likelihood of experiencing Long COVID symptoms was 7% less in those who remained active. Conclusions Continuous PA practice showed important protection effect for Long COVID symptoms in adults.
·bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com·
Physical activity status prevents symptoms of long covid: Sulcovid-19 survey - BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
A patient who recovered from post-COVID myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a case report - PubMed
A patient who recovered from post-COVID myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a case report - PubMed
To the best of my knowledge, this is the first detailed report on a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 followed by long COVID with the signs/symptoms of ME/CFS who recovered after treatment. I hope this case report will be helpful to health care practitioners by its presentation of some of the therape …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
A patient who recovered from post-COVID myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a case report - PubMed
Optimal annual COVID-19 vaccine boosting dates following previous booster vaccination or breakthrough infection
Optimal annual COVID-19 vaccine boosting dates following previous booster vaccination or breakthrough infection
COVID-19 booster vaccinations mitigate transmission and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with infection. However, the optimal date for booster administration remains uncertain. Geographic variation in infection rates throughout the year make it challenging to intuit the best yearly booster administration date to effectively prevent infection, and also challenging to provide best guidance in how to alter booster administration in response to a breakthrough infection. Therefore, we leverage longitudinal antibody and reinfection probabilities with spatiotemporal projections of COVID-19 incidence to develop a geographically-informed approach to optimizing the timing of booster vaccination. Additionally, we assess the delay in booster vaccination that is warranted following breakthrough infections whenever they occur during the year, enabling an approach that acknowledges and respects diverse immune statuses, thereby addressing a substantial barrier to uptake. Our results provide guidance for individual decision-making and healthcare provider recommendations, as well as optimal public health policies. Significance Statement COVID-19 booster vaccinations are pivotal in reducing disease transmission. However, optimal schedules that would most successfully mitigate adverse health outcomes have not been rigorously determined. Spatial and temporal surges of infections, including breakthrough infections, challenge the implementation of effective boosting strategies. We leverage antibody data and incidence projections to develop a geographically-informed schedule for yearly booster administration and quantify appropriate delays in booster vaccination post-breakthrough infection, thereby accounting for immune status and enhancing vaccination inclusivity. Our findings offer crucial information for individual decision making, healthcare provider guidance, and policy aimed at optimizing the impact of booster vaccination on public health. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement National Science Foundation of the United States of America RAPID 2031204 (JPT and AD), NSF Expeditions CCF 1918784 (JPT and APG), and support from the University of North Carolina, Charlotte to AD. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data, Mathematica notebooks, imputed monthly proportions, and code underlying this study are publicly available on Zenodo: DOI:10.5281/zenodo.11209811.
·medrxiv.org·
Optimal annual COVID-19 vaccine boosting dates following previous booster vaccination or breakthrough infection