Covid19-Sources

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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic there were reports of an increased association between COVID 19 and various autoimmune diseases (AID) in adults. This study aims to investigate the incidence of AIDs in children before and during the pandemic and explores potential links to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Methods We analyzed 493,705 anonymized medical records from Maccabi Healthcare Services, Israel’s second-largest healthcare provider, to study AID incidence during 2014–2022. The study period was divided into three phases: two pre-pandemic phases of equal duration (A and B) and a pandemic phase (C). Results Of 4,596 (0.9%) patients diagnosed with an AID in the cohort, incidence rates were 0.9% for Group A (2014–2016), 1.0% for Group B (2017–2019), and 0.9% for Group C (2020–2022) (p = 0.13). Logistic regression showed no significant differences in overall autoimmune disease incidence between the pre-COVID and COVID periods. Notably, specific conditions like celiac disease showed reduced incidence in Group A (OR 0.8309, p = 0.0071) while arthritis was significantly more common in Groups A and B. Additionally, COVID-19 diagnosis was not significantly associated with increased autoimmune disease risk (HR 1.092, p = 0.491); however, receiving at least one COVID vaccine was linked to higher risk (HR 1.2323, p = 0.0033). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the overall incidence of new-onset autoimmune diseases in children remained relatively stable during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study indicates a potential association between COVID-19 vaccination and an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases, necessitating further research to elucidate long-term effects in the pediatric population.

With the COVID-19 pandemic becoming endemic, vigilance for Long COVID-related cardiovascular issues remains essential, though their specific pathophys…

Importance Long COVID, a chronic condition following SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects millions of people worldwide and can lead to significant functional impairment. Estimates of long COVID risk after a first COVID-19 infection vary, and data on risk following reinfections remain lacking. Objective To estimate and compare long COVID risk and severity with first COVID-19 infection versus reinfections among healthcare workers (HCWs). Design Retrospective cohort study based on an electronic survey among Quebec HCWs conducted between May 16 and June 15, 2023. A short telephone survey among randomly selected non-respondents further assessed potential response bias. Setting Population-based study in Quebec, Canada. Participants 397 222 HCWs were invited to participate in the electronic survey and 10 500 in the telephone survey. Main outcomes and measures We defined long COVID cases as HCWs self-reporting COVID-19-attributed symptoms lasting ≥12 weeks, classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on perceived symptom intensity. We compared self-reported symptoms and functional limitations of cases to COVID controls (infected participants without long COVID) and non-COVID controls (uninfected participants). Risk and prevalence were estimated by number of infections, likely infecting variant and perceived acute COVID-19 severity. We conducted symptom clustering analyses using unsupervised learning techniques. Results Estimated long COVID risk following any COVID-19 infection was similar among 22 496 online survey participants (17.0% [95%CI, 16.3%–17.6%] and 3 978 telephone survey participants (15.9% [14.6%–17.2%]. The cumulative risk increased with the number of infections, but reinfections were associated with three times lower risk of long COVID than first infections. Pre-Omicron infections and severe acute COVID-19 episodes correlated with higher long COVID risk and severity. Among prevalent long COVID cases, 43% were moderate and 33% severe. Compared to controls, dyspnea, neurocognitive symptoms, post-exertional malaise and smell/taste disturbances were most strongly associated with long COVID. Cluster analysis identified seven symptom groups with systemic, neurocognitive, pulmonary, and mood-related clusters being the most prevalent. Severe long COVID cases exhibited multiple symptom clusters and greater functional limitations. Conclusions Long COVID is a common and disabling condition among HCWs. Societal and healthcare burden remains important and will continue to accrue given ongoing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and long COVID risk with reinfections. Question Does the risk and severity of long COVID differ for first COVID-19 infections versus reinfections among healthcare workers in Quebec, Canada? Findings The risk of long COVID was ∼15% with first COVID-19 infection, but three-fold lower with reinfections. Risk was higher with COVID-19 infections due to ancestral strains and with more severe acute episodes. Long COVID risk and severity compromised self-rated health, physical capacity and cognitive function. Meaning Long COVID is a common and disabling condition among workers. Societal and healthcare burden remains important and will continue to accrue given ongoing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and long COVID risk with reinfections. ### Competing Interest Statement SC, MO and IZD report funding from the Ministere de la sante et des services sociaux du Quebec to conduct this work, paid to their institution. SC reports funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada for unrelated work, paid to her institution. ELF reports grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research unrelated to this work and paid to his institution. Her site participated in an interventional trial conducted by Laurent Pharma. CAM is copresident of the Association Quebecoise de l encephalomyelite myalgique. DMS reports grants from the Public Health Agency of Canada, the Pacific Public Health Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research for unrelated work, paid to her institution. GD reports having participated as medical advisor on the provincial Public Health scientific committee on COVID-19 for Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services. AP reports grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research unrelated to this work and paid to his institution. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare. ### Funding Statement This study was funded by Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Québec and the Fonds de recherche du Québec. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Research Ethics Committee of CHU de Québec-Université Laval gave ethical approval for this work I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes Underlying data cannot be shared publicly by authors, because it belongs to the Ministere de la sante et des services sociaux du Quebec and data access to researchers was given under the legal mandate of the Quebec National Director of Public Health. A request for data should be addressed to the research access centre designated by Quebec Government in accordance with the act respecting health and social services information ().

Muscle fatigue and cognitive disturbances persist in patients after recovery from acute COVID-19 disease. However, there are no specific treatments for post-COVID fatigue. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the health supplements ImmunoSEB (systemic enzyme complex) and ProbioSEB CSC3 (probiotic complex) in patients suffering from COVID-19 induced fatigue. A randomized, multicentric, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 200 patients with a complaint of post-COVID fatigue. The test arm (n = 100) received the oral supplements for 14 days and the control arm (n = 100) received a placebo. Treatment efficacy was compared using the Chalder Fatigue scale (CFQ-11), at various time points from days 1 to 14. The supplemental treatment resulted in resolution of fatigue in a greater percentage of subjects in the test vs. the control arm (91% vs. 15%) on day 14. Subjects in the test arm showed a significantly greater reduction in total as well as physical and mental fatigue scores at all time points vs. the control arm. The supplements were well tolerated with no adverse events reported. This study demonstrates that a 14 days supplementation of ImmunoSEB + ProbioSEB CSC3 resolves post-COVID-19 fatigue and can improve patients’ functional status and quality of life.

Updated vaccines will help maintain protection against disease as virus continues to evolve

The pandemic of COVID-19 has brought in light the necessity for the development of novel detection methods for airborne transmitted pathogens, and the…

Although the risk was greater with moderate-to-severe infections, even mild cases were linked to more than double the risk.

Medical News: In a deeply alarming medical case, doctors in China have issued a grave warning: COVID-19 can lead to catastrophic neurological damage in children, including irreversible brain death. The case of an 8-year-old girl who succumbed to a rapidly progressing brain injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has shocked pediatric experts and added to mounting concerns over the virus’s unde...

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 saltation variant BA.3.2, which harbors over 50 mutations relative to its ancestral BA.3 lineage, has raised concerns about its potential to drive outbreaks similar to BA.2.86/JN.1. Concurrently, variants such as NB.1.8.1, LF.7.9, XEC.25.1, XFH, and XFG exhibit enhanced growth advantages over LP.8.1.1, necessitating a comparative analysis of their antigenic and virological characteristics. Here, we evaluated the infectivity, ACE2-binding efficiency, and immune evasion of these variants. Pseudovirus assays revealed BA.3.2’s robust antibody evasion, including resistance to Class 1/4 monoclonal antibodies; however, its ACE2 engagement efficiency was markedly reduced due to a closed spike conformation, leading to low infectivity. While XFG and LF.7.9 demonstrated strong immune escape associated with A475V and N487D mutations, their reduced receptor-binding efficiency suggested a need for compensatory adaptations. In contrast, NB.1.8.1 retained high ACE2 affinity and humoral immune evasion, supporting its potential for future dominance. Collectively, BA.3.2’s current profile limits its ability to compete with emerging variants like NB.1.8.1. Sustained monitoring of BA.3.2’s evolution— particularly for mutations stabilizing an open RBD conformation or enhancing escape from Class 1 antibodies—is essential to assess its outbreak potential.

The COVID-19 pandemic had profound effects on vocal health, impacting both infected individuals, professional voice users and essential workers. The objective of this paper was to explore the multifa...

Is a multicomponent vaccine against seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (mRNA-1083) immunogenic and well-tolerated in adults 50 years and older? Findings In this phase 3 study, mRNA-1083 elicited noninferior immune responses against standard care immunization: licensed standard-dose or high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Victoria, B/Yamagata) coadministered with licensed SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron XBB.1.5) vaccine. The multicomponent vaccine mRNA-1083 had an acceptable tolerability and safety profile. Meaning mRNA-1083 was demonstrated to be at least as immunogenic as recommended standard care vaccines against both seasonal influenza and COVID-19 and well-tolerated in adults 50 years and older.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by multiple effects on cardiovascular and autonomic functioning. As moment-to-moment cardiovascular function is highly susceptible to mental stress, this has spurred concerns regarding the potential long-term consequences of COVID-19 on sufferers' resilience to psychological stress and stress-related cardiovascular complications. However, the long-term after-effects of COVID-19 on cardiovascular stress reactivity profiles remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap, we investigated dynamic changes in cardiovascular function during and after successive stress exposures as a function of participants' COVID-19 histories. Method Our sample comprised 60 adult members of running clubs (mean age ± SD = 44.85 ± 9.64 yrs; 50 % male; 50 % female), who were classified into one of three groups based on self-reported history of COVID-19 (never had COVID-19; had COVID-19 once; had COVID-19 multiple times). Participants underwent a laboratory-based stress-induction protocol, during which a mental arithmetic challenge was presented twice. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured before and during both stress exposures, which facilitated an assessment of habituation of cardiovascular stress responses. Results History of COVID-19 was associated with disrupted cardiovascular stress response habituation. Specifically, persons classified as having never been infected with COVID-19 exhibited lower DBP responses to the second stress exposure compared to the first, indicative of ordinary habituation as observed in previous research. Furthermore, history of COVID-19 was associated with significantly elevated average HR throughout the procedure. Conclusions Response habituation is an ordinary mechanism that protects an organism from the rigors of recurring daily stress. If COVID-19 disrupts habituation of cardiovascular system responses, then individuals who have experienced COVID-19 in the past may be left with lingering effects that increase their susceptibility to future stress-related cardiovascular ill-health. Given the substantial number of people worldwide who have been affected by COVID-19, this potential long-lasting impact merits comprehensive investigation. Cardiovascular reactivity Stress Stress responding COVID-19 Stress response habituation

Eine aktuelle Studie bescheinigt einem kombinierten Impfstoff gegen Influenza und Corona eine gute Wirkung. Experten erhoffen sich davon höhere Impfquoten.

Patients with long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) suffer from a reduced exercise capacity, skeletal muscle abnormalities and post-exertional malaise (PEM), where symptoms worsen with cognitive or physical exertion. PEM often results in avoidance of physical activity, resulting in a lower aerobic fitness, which may contribute to skeletal muscle abnormalities. Here, we compared whole-body exercise responses and skeletal muscle adaptations after strict 60-day bed rest in healthy people with those in patients with long COVID and ME/CFS, and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Bed rest altered the respiratory and cardiovascular responses to (sub)maximal exercise, while patients exhibited respiratory alterations only at submaximal exercise. Bed rest caused muscle atrophy, and the reduced oxidative phosphorylation related to reductions in maximal oxygen uptake. Patients with long COVID and ME/CFS did not have muscle atrophy, but had less capillaries and a more glycolytic fibers, none of which were associated with maximal oxygen uptake. While the whole-body aerobic capacity is similar following bed rest compared to patients, the skeletal muscle characteristics differed, suggesting that physical inactivity alone does not explain the lower exercise capacity in long COVID and ME/CFS ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This study was supported the Patient-Led Research Collaborative for Long COVID, the AMC and VU foundation, ZonMw Onderzoeksprogramma for ME/CVS, the Solve ME 2022 Ramsay Grant Program, ME Research UK, ME Stars of Tomorrow Scholarship award from the ICanCME Research Network (to B.T.C.), and Stichting Long COVID Nederland. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Ethics committee of Amsterdam UMC, Medical Association North Rhine (number 2018143) and NASA (Johnson Space Center, Houston, United States) gave ethical approval for this work. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors

Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, some individuals develop Long-COVID-syndrome lasting for more than 3 months. We analyzed blood samples from patients with Long-COVID, controls without persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2-infection and non-infected donors without a history of infection. Long-COVID patients showed clear signs of T cell hyper-activation predominantly in the CD8+ T cell subset with a 4-fold higher expression of CD25 and 2-fold more effector-memory T cells. Following polyclonal T cell stimulation, we found a 2-fold stronger upregulation of CD25 and a 7-fold higher release of IL-3 in Long-COVID. Intracellular staining revealed 5-fold more IL-3-expressing CD8+ T cells in Long-COVID, while GM-CSF, IFN-γ and IL-2 were much less upregulated. These changes correlated with the severity of Long-COVID and persisted for up to 18 months after infection. Our data reveal a pronounced and long-lasting CD8+ T cell hyper-activation and hyper-reactivity in Long-COVID and speak for a trial of T cell-immunosuppression in patients with Long-COVID. Keywords Long-COVID T cells Cytokines IL-3

Scientific Reports - Exploring the therapeutic potential of Thymus vulgaris ethanol extract: a computational screening for antimicrobial compounds against COVID-19 induced mucormycosis

Mount Sinai study suggests COVID-19 infection should be considered a risk factor for future cardiopulmonary conditions

COVID-19 vaccines have been updated each year since 2022 to improve protection against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, it is unclear whether a reformulation will be necessary for 2025. KP.2-based monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (KP.2 MV) were authorized for use in 2024, and they conferred substantial protection against hospitalizations caused by viral variants that emerged and dominated later, such as KP.3.1.1 and XEC. Today, LP.8.1 has become the dominant variant worldwide, particularly so in North America. To characterize the antigenicity of LP.8.1, we tested serial serum samples from 16 individuals who recently received KP.2 MV in neutralization assays against KP.3.1.1, XEC, and LP.8.1 pseudoviruses. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against LP.8.1 were comparable to those against KP.3.1.1 and XEC, indicating that LP.8.1 is antigenically similar to its predecessors. Therefore, the currently authorized KP.2 MV may not need to be updated for 2025, if the vaccine manufacturers could demonstrate comparable immunogenicity for KP.2 MV and LP.8.1-based mRNA vaccines and, of course, in the absence of an antigenically divergent SARS-CoV-2 emerging. ### Competing Interest Statement D.D.H. co-founded TaiMed Biologics and RenBio, and he serves as a consultant for WuXi Biologics and Brii Biosciences and is a board director at Vicarious Surgical. A.G. served as a member of the scientific advisory board for Janssen Pharmaceuticals and has consulted and serves on a scientific advisory board for Sanofi Pasteur. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest. National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health, https://ror.org/01cwqze88, subcontract no. 0258-A700-4609 under federal contract no. 75N93021C00014, subcontract GR0010139-PO024016 under federal contract no. 75N93021C00016, K08 AI180347, K23 AI171263, K24 AI155230 Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, INV019355 Columbia UniversityColumbia University, https://ror.org/00hj8s172, UR014016

We have observed hypernatraemia and hypokalaemia with normal serum urea and creatinine associated with new‐onset hypertension among COVID‐19 patients. We assessed the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) of two patients during the pandemic and found elevated urinary potassium (without causal medications) and hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism in both. We fully investigated a fit 74‐year‐old woman with COVID‐19 who developed hypertension (peak blood pressure (BP) 195/120 mmHg), hypokalaemia (range 2.7‐3.2 mmol/L) and hypernatraemia (range 150‐166 mmol/L) during the first week of admission. There was metabolic alkalosis with pH 7.50, bicarbonate 31 mmol/L, partial pressure of carbon dioxide 5.3 kPa. Adjusted calcium and serum magnesium were normal. Urinary potassium (K+) was 19.72 mmol/L and 24.46 mmol/L (0‐10) on 2 occasions. Plasma renin was 0.2 nmol/L/h (0.5‐3.5) and aldosterone 60 pmol/L (60‐250).

A wide range of cardiac symptoms have been observed in COVID-19 patients, often significantly influencing the clinical outcome. While the pathophysiology of pulmonary COVID-19 manifestation has been substantially unraveled, the underlying ...

A lot of people have noticed it. In the past few years, a bunch of different infections in England have started moving together. Spikes, dips, rising and falling in sync.

The illness raises the likelihood that children develop chronic kidney disease, irritable bowel syndrome and cardiovascular issues, Penn researchers say.

DMZ – WISSENSCHAFT ¦ S. Koller Die Langzeitfolgen von SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen, auch als post-akute sequelae (PASC) bekannt, betreffen nicht nur Erwachsene, sondern zunehmend auch Kinder und Jugendliche. Eine umfassende Studie, die kürzlich in Nature Communications veröffentlicht wurde, beleuchtet die kardiovaskulären Auswirkungen einer COVID-19-Infektion in der jungen Bevölkerung. Forscher um Bingyu Zhang und Kollegen analysierten Daten von über 1,2 Millionen Personen, um das Risiko von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen nach einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass infizierte junge Menschen signifikant häufiger an verschiedenen Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen leiden, einschließlich Bluthochdruck, Arrhythmien, Myokarditis und sogar kardiogenem Schock. Methodik und Kohorte Für ihre Kohortenstudie verwendeten die Forscher elektronische Gesundheitsdaten aus 19 Kinderkliniken und Gesundheitsinstitutionen der USA, die im Rahmen des RECOVER-Konsortiums zwischen März 2020 und September 2023 gesammelt wurden. Die Kohorte umfasste 297.920 SARS-CoV-2-positive Kinder und 915.402 SARS-CoV-2-negative Kontrollpersonen, die über einen Zeitraum von mindestens sechs Monaten nach der Infektion oder dem Indexdatum nachverfolgt wurden. Die Studie untersuchte nicht nur die allgemeine kardiovaskuläre Gesundheit, sondern differenzierte auch nach dem Vorhandensein von angeborenen Herzfehlern (CHDs), da diese die Entwicklung von PASC-Komplikationen beeinflussen könnten. Ergebnisse: Kardiovaskuläre Risiken bei Kindern mit und ohne angeborene Herzfehler Die Studie stellte fest, dass Kinder und Jugendliche nach einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko für eine Vielzahl von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen hatten. Besonders auffällig waren: Hypertension (Bluthochdruck) Ventrikuläre Arrhythmien Myokarditis und Perikarditis (Entzündung des Herzmuskels und des Herzbeutels) Herzinsuffizienz und Kardiomyopathie (Herzschwäche und Muskelerkrankung des Herzens) Kardiogener Schock (Herzbedingte Kreislaufinsuffizienz) Thromboembolismus (Blutgerinnsel und ihre Folgekomplikationen) Brustschmerzen und Palpitationen (Herzklopfen) Diese Risiken traten sowohl bei Kindern mit als auch ohne angeborene Herzfehler auf, wobei bei letzterer Gruppe insbesondere das Risiko für Myokarditis und perikardiale Entzündungen erhöht war. Auch bei Kindern, die vor der Infektion keine kardiovaskulären Vorerkrankungen hatten, war das Risiko für diese Zustände höher als bei den nicht infizierten Kontrollgruppen. Besonders bemerkenswert war der hohe Anstieg an Myokarditis und Perikarditis, was mit anderen Studien übereinstimmt, die einen Anstieg entzündlicher Herzkrankheiten nach einer COVID-19-Infektion in allen Altersgruppen dokumentierten. Ein weiteres interessantes Ergebnis war das erhöhte Risiko für Vorhofflimmern bei Kindern mit angeborenen Herzfehlern. Bedeutung der Ergebnisse und klinische Implikationen Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit einer intensiven Nachbeobachtung und frühzeitigen Intervention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, die an COVID-19 erkrankt sind. Auch wenn die Mehrheit der betroffenen Kinder keine schweren akuten Komplikationen durch COVID-19 erlebte, zeigen die kardiovaskulären Langzeitfolgen, dass die Pandemie auch bei jungen Menschen langfristige gesundheitliche Auswirkungen hat. Die Studie betont, dass Gesundheitsdienstleister über das erhöhte Risiko von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen nach einer COVID-19-Infektion informiert sein sollten, um rechtzeitig diagnostische Tests und therapeutische Maßnahmen einzuleiten. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt der Studie ist die Erkenntnis, dass auch Kinder ohne bekannte Herzprobleme einem erhöhten Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen ausgesetzt sind. Dies könnte Auswirkungen auf die klinische Praxis haben, insbesondere bei der Betreuung von Kindern mit COVID-19 und der Einschätzung ihrer kardiovaskulären Risiken. Fazit und Ausblick Diese Forschung liefert wichtige neue Erkenntnisse über die kardiovaskulären Langzeitfolgen einer COVID-19-Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Angesichts der Zunahme von post-akuten Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen nach einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion ist es entscheidend, dass Ärzte und Gesundheitseinrichtungen geeignete Ressourcen bereitstellen, um eine kontinuierliche kardiologische Überwachung und eine frühzeitige Intervention zu ermöglichen. Weitere Forschungen sind notwendig, um die genauen Mechanismen hinter den erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiken zu verstehen und maßgeschneiderte Behandlungsstrategien zu entwickeln, die den langfristigen Gesundheitsbedarf dieser jungen Patienten adressieren. > Zur Studie

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 resulted in over 705 million infections and more than 7 million deaths worldwide. The virus primarily spreads through aerosol droplets released during breathing, coughing, or sneezing, leading to symptoms ranging from mild fever and cough to severe outcomes, including death. Given the high risk associated with COVID-19, understanding its behavior in diverse geographical and environmental conditions is critical. With the expansion of human exploration into space, there is an urgent need to assess the risks posed by COVID-19 in extraterrestrial environments. Space exploration and tourism represent an emerging industry, projected to reach a market value of $1.8 trillion. With numerous missions planned by organizations such as NASA, SpaceX, and ISRO, and countries like India and China, it is vital to address potential health risks particularly those posed by airborne infectious diseases like COVID-19 among astronauts and space tourists. This study reviews existing literature on airborne infections in space, identifies key knowledge gaps, and aims to enhance preparedness for potential COVID-19 outbreaks during space missions. By analyzing airborne infectious diseases in space, the study predicts the risks posed by COVID-19 and develops evidence-based guidelines to mitigate its spread. The findings will not only help protect space travelers but also inform future spacecraft design by incorporating enhanced safety measures, ultimately reshaping the future of human space exploration. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. KPU Student Research and Innovation Grant (Steam 2), ,