Covid19-Sources

University of Queensland researchers have discovered how COVID-19 damages the heart, opening the door to future treatments.

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, typically manifests as a respiratory illness, although extrapulmonary involvement, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system, as well as frequent thrombotic events, are increasingly recognised. How this maps onto SARS-CoV-2 organ tropism at …

Our findings show that non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs the plasma proteome for at least 6 weeks. The plasma proteomic signature at the time of seroconversion has the potential to identify which individuals are more likely to suffer from persistent symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Eine Frage an Prof. Kleinschnitz (@NeuroEssen): Warum kann man das Phantasieprodukt Long Covid im MRT nachweisen? Siehe folgenden Thread:— Pandaria (@PandaPandaria) September 7, 2022

The Nuvaxovid™ (NVX-CoV2373), a recombinant protein-based vaccine with feasible cold chain requirement, has been granted as a booster in several countries. Although NVX-CoV2373 booster vaccination presented promising immunogenicity, its cross-reactive immunogenicity against Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 has not been reported (3 ,4 ). From March to April of 2022, we prospectively recruited individuals scheduled to receive NVX-CoV2373, including those who had completed two-dose (n = 9, aged 19–49 years) or three-dose (n = 41, aged ≥60 years) vaccination approximately five months ago (Supplementary Fig. 1). They previously received either homologous or heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273 (Supplementary Table 1). Anti-nuclear capsid protein (anti-N) antibodies were measured in these individuals to determine prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Korea University Guro Hospital (2021GR0099) and International St. Mary's Hospital (S21MIME0045). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Reliable estimates of frequency, severity and associated factors of both fatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19 are needed. Also, it is not c…

Nature - Scientists hope the immunizations, delivered through the nose or mouth, will prevent even mild cases of illness.

Patents with COVID-19 may develop severe ocular involvement after COVID-19 due to a generalized reduction in immunity. Comorbidities and intensive care unit treatments can predispose COVID-19 patients to endogenous panophthalmitis.

Christina Pagel and Christian Yates consider what the pandemic has taught us about mathematical modelling in the UK and how it can be used more effectively ### Key messages Mathematical modelling underpinned much of the advice that the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) and others provided to the UK government during the pandemic. It should therefore be a focus of the UK covid inquiry’s examination of how and why decisions were made.1 Much of the modelling came from the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling (SPI-M), which gives expert advice to the Department of Health and Social Care and the wider UK government on emerging human infectious disease threats. Its members come from a range of UK institutions and their advice is based on infectious disease modelling and epidemiology.2 During the pandemic, SPI-M reported to SAGE. Modelling from the group has been influential throughout the pandemic, particularly during the first 18 months. For instance, “report 9” by the Imperial College modelling group3 was an important trigger for the UK government’s decision to implement a nationwide lockdown in March 2020. Projections from multiple independent modelling teams also informed the UK’s “roadmap” for release from lockdown in February 20214 and implementation of some further public health mandates under “plan B” measures in December 2021 during the first omicron wave.5 Modelling determined the vaccine priority groups in December 2020,6 which contributed to the UK’s successful vaccine rollout and …

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages show pronounced viral escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 variant infection owing to over 30 amino acid alterations within the spike (S) glycoprotein. We and others have recently reported that breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals with Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 are associated with distinct patterns of cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). BA.2 breakthrough infection mediated overall stronger cross-neutralization of BA.2 and its descendants (BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5) compared to BA.1 breakthrough infection. Here we characterized the effect of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 S glycoprotein exposure on the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response upon breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals and in mice upon booster vaccination. We show that immune sera from triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals with subsequent Omicron BA.4/BA.5 breakthrough infection display broad and robust neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5. Administration of a prototypic BA.4/BA.5-adapted mRNA booster vaccine to mice following SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain-based primary immunization is associated with similarly broad neutralizing activity. Immunization of naïve mice with a bivalent mRNA vaccine (wild-type + Omicron BA.4/BA.5) induces strong and broad neutralizing activity against Omicron VOCs and previous variants. These findings suggest that when administered as boosters, mono- and bivalent Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted vaccines may enhance neutralization breadth, and in a bivalent format may also have the potential to confer protection to individuals with no pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2. ### Competing Interest Statement U.S. and O.T. are management board members and employees at BioNTech SE. A.M., B.G.L., M.B., A.W., A.T., A.G., C.C., V.M., G.J.V., J.M., T.Z., S.F., J.R., F.W., K.S., H.H., K.C.W., J.G., S.S., A.F., K.K., O.O., and A.B.V. are employees at BioNTech SE. K.G., N.K. and S.C. are employees at the University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt. Q.Y., H.C., and K.A.S. are employees of Pfizer and may hold stock options. U.S., O.T. A.B.V., A.G., T.Z., J.R., K.C.W. and A.M. are inventors on patents and patent applications related to RNA technology and COVID-19 vaccines. Q.Y, H.C., and K.A.S. are inventors on a patent application related to RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. U.S., O.T., A.M., B.G.L., K.K., A.W., M.B., A.F., A.T., A.G., V.M., G.J.S., A.B.V. and O.O. have securities from BioNTech SE. S.C. has received an honorarium for serving on a clinical advisory board for BioNTech.

Health-care workers who had received two doses of mRNA vaccine and had previous BA.1 infection were subsequently well protected for a prolonged period against BA.2 reinfection, with a third vaccine dose conferring no improvement to that hybrid protection. If this protection also pertains to future variants, there might be limited benefit from additional vaccine doses for people with hybrid immunity, depending on timing and variant.

Since April, 2022, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants of the omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern have been spreading globally with increased viral fitness and transmissibility. Omicron BA.5 subvariant is currently the predominant COVID-19 threat worldwide.1 With the emergence of the antigenically distinct variants of concern, either natural immunity or first-generation vaccine-induced immunity has failed to prevent transmission effectively. Booster (third or fourth) doses of vaccine play an important role in preventing symptomatic infection, although the boosting effect only lasts for several months.

@jeffgilchrist: COVID-19: Things everyone should know (Part 1: Immune System) With poor public health messaging, the general public doesn't seem to know some important things about how COVID-19 and the immune system...…

Can a nasal spray with Iota-Carrageenan be useful in the prophylaxis of COVID-19 in health care workers managing patients with COVID-19 disease?

Eine Studie zeigt, dass sich Antikörper bilden, die sich gegen das eigene Gewebe richten und zu einer chronischen Entzündungsreaktion führen können

The corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and the resulting long-term neurological complications in patients, known as long COVID, have renewed the interest in the correlation between viral infections and neurodegenerative brain disorders. While many viruses can reach the central nervous system (CNS) causing acute or chronic infections (such as herpes simplex virus 1, HSV-1), the lack of a clear mechanistic link between viruses and protein aggregation into amyloids, a characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases, has rendered such a connection elusive. Recently, we showed that viruses can induce aggregation of purified amyloidogenic proteins via the direct physicochemical mechanism of heterogenous nucleation (HEN). In the current study, we show that the incubation of HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 with human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leads to the amyloid aggregation of several proteins known to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, such as: APLP1 (amyloid beta precursor like protein 1), ApoE, clusterin, α2-macroglobulin, PGK-1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1), ceruloplasmin, nucleolin, 14-3-3, transthyretin and vitronectin. Importantly, UV-inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 does not affect its ability to induce amyloid aggregation, as amyloid formation is dependent on viral surface catalysis via HEN and not its ability to replicate. Our results show that viruses can physically induce amyloid aggregation of proteins in human CSF, and thus providing a potential mechanism that may account for the association between persistent and latent/reactivating brain infections and neurodegenerative diseases. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv* preprint server, an international team of researchers demonstrated amyloid aggregation due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Erlangen – Erkrankungen an COVID-19 können bei Kindern und Jugendlichen die Sauerstoffaufnahme in den Lungen auch über das Ende der akuten Phase hinaus... #COVID19 #Studie #Radiologie

Author summary SARS-CoV-2, the sarbecovirus behind COVID-19, emerged in the human population after cross-species transmission from an animal source. While hundreds of sarbecoviruses have been discovered, predominantly in bats in Asia, the majority are not capable of infecting human cells. Khosta-2, a sarbecovirus discovered in Russia, has been shown to interact with the same entry receptor as SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we tested how well the spike proteins from these bat viruses infect human cells under different conditions. We found that the spike from virus, Khosta-2, could infect cells similar to human pathogens using the same entry mechanisms, but was resistant to neutralization by serum from individuals who had been vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2.

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant caused international concern due to its rapid spread in Southern Africa. It was unknown whether this variant would replace or coexist with (either transiently or long term) the then-dominant Delta variant on its introduction to England. We developed a set of hierarchical logistic growth models to describe changes in the frequency of S gene target failure (SGTF) PCR tests, a proxy for Omicron. The doubling time of SGTF cases peaked at 1.56 days (95% CI: 1.49 to 1.63) on 5 December, whereas triple-positive cases were halving every 5.82 days (95% CI: 5.11 to 6.67) going into Christmas 2021. We were unable to characterize the replacement of Delta by Omicron with a single rate. The replacement rate decreased by 53.56% (95% CrI: 45.38 to 61.01) between 14 and 15 December, meaning the competitive advantage of Omicron approximately halved. Preceding the changepoint, Omicron was replacing Delta 16.24% (95% CrI: 9.72 to 23.41) faster in those with two or more vaccine doses, indicative of vaccine escape being a substantial component of competitive advantage. Despite the slowdown, Delta was almost entirely replaced in England within a month of the first sequenced domestic case. The synchrony of changepoints across regions at various stages of Omicron epidemics suggests that the growth rate advantage was not attenuated because of biological mechanisms related to strain competition. The step change in replacement could have resulted from behavioral changes, potentially elicited by public health messaging or policies, that differentially affected Omicron.

People who had COVID-19 are at higher risk for a host of brain injuries a year later compared with people who were never infected by the coronavirus, a finding that could affect millions of Americans, U.S. researchers reported on Thursday.

Updating information regarding convergent variants BA.2.3.20, BN.1, BA.2.10.4, BN.2.1, BA.4.6.1, BQ.1, BQ.1.1. In short, BA.2.75.2 and BQ.1.1 are the most antibody-evasive convergent variants tested, far exceeding BA.5 and approaching SARS-CoV-1 level. (1/4) https://t.co/BzknQBSF5e— Yunlong Richard Cao (@yunlong_cao) September 23, 2022

This cohort study assesses the association of COVID-19 with new-onset type 1 diabetes among pediatric patients.

Testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is associated with an increased risk of new-onset type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents, according to a new research at this year’s European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Annual Meeting in Stockholm, Sweden (19-23 Sept). The study is by Hanne Løvdal Gulseth and Dr German Tapia, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, and colleagues.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) summarizes persisting sequelae after infection with the severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). PCS can affect patients of all covid-19 disease severities. As previous studies revealed impaired blood flow as a provoking factor for triggering PCS, it was the aim of the present study to investigate a potential association of self-reported chronic fatigue and retinal microcirculation in patients with PCS, potentially indicating an objective biomarker. A prospective study was performed, including 201 subjects: 173 patients with PCS and 28 controls. Retinal microcirculation was visualized by OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) and quantified by the Erlangen-Angio-Tool as macula and peripapillary vessel density (VD). Chronic Fatigue (CF) was assessed with the variables ‘Bell score’, age and gender. The VD in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were analyzed considering the repetitions (12 times). Taking in account of such repetitions a mixed model was performed to detect possible differences in the least square means between different groups of analysis. An age effect on VD was observed between patients and controls (p

Background The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is currently the dominant variant globally. This 3rd interim analysis of a living systematic review summarizes evidence on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and duration of protection against Omicron. Methods We systematically searched the COVID-19 literature for controlled studies evaluating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines approved in the European Union up to 14/01/2022, complemented by hand-searches of websites and metasearch engines up to 11/02/2022. We considered the following comparisons: full primary immunization vs. no vaccination; booster immunization vs. no vaccination; booster vs. primary immunization. VE against any confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic, and severe COVID-19 (i.e. COVID-19-related hospitalization, ICU-admission, or death) was indicated providing estimate ranges. Meta-analysis was not performed due to high study heterogeneity. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I, certainty of evidence evaluated using GRADE. Results We identified 26 studies, including 430 to 2.2 million participants. VE against any confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to no vaccination ranged between 0-62% after full primary immunization, and between 34-66% after a booster dose. VE-range for booster vs. primary immunization was 34-54.6%. Against symptomatic COVID-19, VE ranged between 6-76% after full primary immunization, and between 19-73.9% after booster immunization, if compared to no vaccination. When comparing booster vs. primary immunization VE ranged between 56-69%. VE against severe COVID-19 compared to no vaccination ranged between 3-84% after full primary immunization, and between 12-100% after a booster dose. One study compared booster vs. primary immunization (VE 100%, 95% CI 71.4-100). VE was characterized by a moderate to strong decline within three to six months for SARS-CoV-2 infections and symptomatic COVID-19. Against severe COVID-19 protection remained robust at least for up to six months. Waning immunity was more profound after primary than booster immunization. Risk of bias was moderate to critical across studies and outcomes. GRADE-certainty was very low for all outcomes. Author’s conclusions Under the Omicron variant, effectiveness of EU-licensed COVID-19 vaccines in preventing any SARS-CoV-2 infection or mild disease is low and only short-lasting after primary immunization, but can be improved by booster vaccination. VE against severe COVID-19 remains high and is long-lasting, especially after receiving the booster vaccination. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This study did not receive any funding ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript

Nature Communications - In this study, the authors compare the transmission dynamics of the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants using household data from Denmark. They find that Omicron has a...

Beim #Formaldehyd kann man #Impfgegner auskontern, indem man ihnen sagt, dass sie täglich ca. 1g pro kg Körpergewicht selbst produzieren und die Konzentration an Formaldehyd im Körper höher ist als im #Impstoff. Weiß jemand wieviel mRNA wir jeden Tag produzieren?— Jeff Bergheim (@BergheimJeff) September 27, 2022

The current COVID-19 pandemic is a massive source of global disruption, having led so far to two hundred and fifty million COVID-19 cases and almost five million deaths worldwide. It was recognized in the beginning that only an effective vaccine could ...

This cohort study investigates the presence of COVID-19 vaccine mRNA in the expressed breast milk of lactating individuals who received the vaccination within 6 months after delivery.