Covid19-Sources

A marker of immune function that statistically correlates with protection after vaccination may be either a mechanistic correlate of protection or a nonmechanis

Neutralizing antibodies can block infection, clear pathogens, and are essential to provide long-term immu- nity. Since the onset of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies have been comprehensively investigated and critical information on their development, function, and potential use to prevent and treat COVID-19 have been revealed. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 immune escape variants, humoral immu- nity is being challenged, and a detailed understanding of neutralizing antibodies is essential to guide vaccine design strategies as well as antibody-mediated therapies. In this review, we summarize some of the key find- ings on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, with a focus on their clinical application.

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - Several weeks after COVID-19 infection, some children report the persistence or recurrence of functional complaints. This clinical...

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global crisis with a growing number of mortalities and morbidities worldwide. Despite performing numerous researches, there are still considerable unrevealed details regarding the long-term complications and post-infection immunity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Based on pathophysiological features, SARS-CoV-2 may act similarly as an oncovirus in the lung. This letter summarized three possible oncogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 that may be associated with lung cancer development.

The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global crisis with a growing number of mortalities and morbidities worldwide. Despite performing numerous researches, there are still considerable unrevealed details ...

This cohort study investigates the risk of multisystem inflammatory syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children before and during the Omicron wave in Denmark.

How immune dysregulation affects recovery from COVID-19 infection in patients with cancer remains unclear. We analyzed cellular and humoral immune responses in 103 patients with prior COVID-19 infection, more than 20% of whom had delayed viral clearance. Delayed clearance was associated with loss of antibodies to nucleocapsid and spike proteins with a compensatory increase in functional T cell responses. High-dimensional analysis of peripheral blood samples demonstrated increased CD8+ effector T cell differentiation and a broad but poorly converged COVID-specific T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in patients with prolonged disease. Conversely, patients with a CD4+ dominant immunophenotype had a lower incidence of prolonged disease and exhibited a deep and highly select COVID-associated TCR repertoire, consistent with effective viral clearance and development of T cell memory. These results highlight the importance of B cells and CD4+ T cells in promoting durable SARS-CoV-2 clearance and the significance of coordinated cellular and humoral immunity for long-term disease control.

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus is associated with a wide range of symptoms. The REal- time Assessment of Community Transmission -1 (REACT-1) study has been monitoring the spread and clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 among random samples of the population in England from 1 May 2020 to 31 March 2022. We show changing symptom profiles associated with the different variants over that period, with lower reporting of loss of sense of smell and taste for Omicron compared to previous variants, and higher reporting of cold-like and influenza-like symptoms, controlling for vaccination status. Contrary to the perception that recent variants have become successively milder, Omicron BA.2 was associated with reporting more symptoms, with greater disruption to daily activities, than BA.1. With restrictions lifted and routine testing limited in many countries, monitoring the changing symptom profiles associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and induced changes in daily activities will become increasingly important.

The graph at the left is weeks behind. On the right, from Minnesota's twin cities, is where we are headed. BA.4/BA.5 has more immune evasiveness than BA.1.12.1, more transmissibility, and more pathogenic in the lab and experimental model https://t.co/x2K0UT1Tqg pic.twitter.com/JhD6Fhbhe8— Eric Topol (@EricTopol) June 6, 2022

Babies born to mothers who suffered COVID-19 disease during pregnancy seem to exhibit differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 weeks, according to a preliminary analysis presented in the 30th European ...

The neutralising activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was highly predictive of neutralisation of variants of concern. Decreases in neutralisation titre to the alpha (1·6-fold), beta (8·8-fold), gamma (3·5-fold), and delta (3·9-fold) variants (compared to the ancestral virus) were not significantly different between different vaccines. Neutralisation remained strongly correlated with protection from symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (rS=0·81, p=0·0005) and the existing model remained predictive of vaccine efficacy against variants of concern once decreases in neutralisation to the variants of concern were incorporated. Modelling of predicted vaccine efficacy against variants over time suggested that protection against symptomatic infection might decrease below 50% within the first year after vaccination for some vaccines. Boosting of previously infected individuals with existing vaccines (which target ancestral virus) is predicted to provide a higher degree of protection from infection with variants of concern than primary vaccination schedules alone.

COVID-19 vaccination resistance has become a major challenge to prevent global SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Here we report that the vaccination coverage rate is inversely correlated to the mutation frequency of the full genome ( R 2=0.878) and spike gene ( R 2=0.829) of SARS-CoV-2 delta variants in 16 countries, suggesting that full vaccination against COVID-19, with other mitigation strategies, is critical to suppress emergent mutations. Neutrality analysis of DH and Zeng’s E tests suggested that directional selection was the major driving force of delta variant evolution. To eliminate the homogenous effects (population expansion, selective sweep etc.), the synonymous ( D syn) and nonsynonymous ( D nonsyn) polymorphisms of the delta variant spike gene were estimated with Tajima’s D statistic. Both D ratio ( D nonsyn/ D syn) and Δ D ( D syn- D nonsyn) have positive correlation with the full vaccination rate ( R 2= 0.723 and 0.505, respectively) in 19 countries, indicating that purifying selection pressure of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene increased as the vaccination coverage rate increased. Taken together, our data suggests that vaccination plays an important role in the purifying selection force of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 delta variants. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Clinical Trial Not applicable ### Funding Statement No funding ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: No patients were involved and no IRB was required in this study. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes 1.The World Health organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. 2. Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data. 3. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. Our World in Data.

Regensburg/Erlangen/Jena – Die Datenlage zu Long COVID oder dem Post-COVID-Syndrom bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ist dünn – vor allem für Kinder, die jünger als... #LongCOVID #CoKiBa

Omicron is the evolutionarily most distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) to date. We report that Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals resulted in strong neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and previous SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, but not against the Omicron sublineages BA.4 and BA.5. BA.1 breakthrough infection induced a robust recall response, primarily expanding BMEM cells against epitopes shared broadly amongst variants, rather than inducing BA.1-specific B cells. The vaccination-imprinted BMEM cell pool had sufficient plasticity to be remodeled by heterologous SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein exposure. While selective amplification of BMEM cells recognizing shared epitopes allows for effective neutralization of most variants that evade previously established immunity, susceptibility to escape by variants that acquire alterations at hitherto conserved sites may be heightened.

How many COVID infections will you have in your lifetime? There’s probably a limit.

The rise of allergy and autoimmune diseases is due to much more than rampant cleanliness. Is it time to throw out the hygiene hypothesis?

Data from more than 80,000 children with COVID suggests a quarter of them had symptoms that lingered for at least 4-12 weeks.

Muscle weakness was present in 50%, myopathic electromyography in 75% while in all patients, there were histological changes. Muscle fiber atrophy was found in 38%, and 56% showed indications of fiber regeneration. Mitochondrial changes, comprising loss of COX activity, subsarcollemmal accumulation and/or abnormal cristae, were present in 62%. Inflammation was found in 62%, seen as T-lymphocytes and/or muscle fiber HLA-ABC expression. In 75%, capillaries were affected involving basal lamina and cells. In two patients, uncommon amounts of basal lamina were found, not only surrounding muscle fibers but also around nerves and capillaries.

There are so many parts of this preprint that I wish I could make basically everyone understand but if there's just one part I must pick- this. 🧵Correlates of protection, thresholds of protection, and immunobridging in SARS-CoV-2 infection https://t.co/Q0yot7muHN pic.twitter.com/TsuZdlHlcr— Edward Nirenberg 🇺🇦 (@ENirenberg) June 7, 2022

147 households (261 participants) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Household SARS-129 CoV-2 infection probability was 25.8%; participant infection probability was similar for children (14.0%,CI:8.0-19.6%), teenagers (12.1%,CI:8.2-15.9%), and adults (14.0%,CI:9.5-18.4%). Infections were symptomatic in 24.5% of children, 41.2% of teenagers, and 62.5% of adults. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma was not a risk factor for infection (aHR=1.04,CI:0.73-1.46), nor was upper respiratory allergy or eczema. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed food allergy was associated with lower infection risk (aHR=0.50,CI:0.32-0.81); higher BMI was associated with increased infection risk (aHR per 10-point increase:1.09,CI:1.03-1.15). Household secondary attack rate was 57.7%. Asthma was not associated with household transmission, but transmission was lower in households with food allergy (aOR=0.43,CI:0.19-0.96,p=0.04)

Objective To examine the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine compared with three vaccine doses over the span of 10 weeks. Design Retrospective, test negative, case-control study, with a matched analysis and an unmatched multiple tests analysis. Setting Nationally centralised database of Maccabi Healthcare Services, an Israeli national health fund for 2.5 million people; from 10 January 2022 (seven days after the fourth dose was first given to eligible individuals) to 13 March 2022, an omicron dominant period in Israel. Participants 97 499 Maccabi Healthcare Services members aged 60 years and older, who were eligible to receive a fourth vaccine dose and obtained at least one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test during the study. Main outcome measures Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as a positive PCR test performed seven or more days after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine; and breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in severe covid-19 disease, defined as hospital admission or death related to covid-19. Results 27 876 participants received the fourth BNT162b2 vaccine dose and 69 623 received three doses only. Of 106 participants who died during the follow-up period, 77 had had their third doses only and 23 had had their fourth doses during the first three weeks after inoculation. In the first three weeks, a fourth dose provided additional protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease relative to three doses of the vaccine. However, relative vaccine effectiveness against infection quickly decreased over time, peaking during the third week at 65.1% (95% confidence interval 63.0% to 67.1%) and falling to 22.0% (4.9% to 36.1%) by the end of the 10 week follow-up period. Unlike relative effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose against severe covid-19 was maintained at a high level (72%) throughout follow-up. However, severe disease was a relatively rare event, occurring in

Was ist #BC007, warum ist es ein Hoffnungsträger für #LongCovid Betroffene und was sind #Aptamere ?Ein kurzer 🧵LongCovid kann unterschiedliche Ursachen haben, zwei davon sind 1) eine persistierende Infektion (evtl Paxlovid wirksam?) und 2) eine Autoimmunerkrankung 1/— Johann Holzmann (@JohannHolzmann) June 3, 2022

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) possess mutations that confer resistance to neutralizing antibodies within the Spike protein and are associated with breakthrough infection and reinfection. By contrast, less is known about the escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity by VOC. Here, we demonstrated that VOCs retain similar MHC-I downregulation capacity compared to the ancestral virus. However, VOCs exhibit a greater ability to suppress type I IFN than the ancestral virus. Although VOCs possess unique mutations within the ORF8 gene, which suppresses MHC-I expression, none of these mutations enhanced the ability of ORF8 to suppress MHC-I expression. Notably, MHC-I upregulation was strongly inhibited after the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo . Collectively, our data suggest that the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 already possesses an intrinsically potent MHC-I evasion capacity, and that further adaptation by the variants was not observed. Summary Moriyama et al. demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern retain similar MHC-I downregulation capacity compared to the ancestral virus. The results suggest that MHC-I evasion capacity is optimized in the ancestral virus and thus further adaptation was not observed. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

A significant number of COVID-19 patients develop 'long COVID', a condition defined by long-lasting debilitating, often neurological, symptoms. The pathophysiology of long COVID is unknown. Here we present in-vivo evidence of widespread neuroinflammation in long COVID, using a quantitative assessment, [18F]DPA-714 PET, in two long COVID patients. We reanalyzed historical data from three matched healthy control subjects, for comparison purposes. Both patients with long COVID had widespread increases in [18F]DPA-714 binding throughout the brain. Quantitative measures of binding (BPND values) were increased on average by 121% and 76%, respectively. This implicates profound neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of long COVID. ### Competing Interest Statement EG has a consultancy agreement with IXICO for the reading of PET scans and is involved in investigator-initiated sponsored research with Heuron Co., Ltd. FB is member of the Radiology editorial board. AW is editor-in-chief of Nuclear Medicine and Biology. BB has received research support from EU-FP7, CTMM, ZonMw, NWO and Alzheimer Nederland. BvB has performed contract research for Rodin, IONIS, AVID, Eli Lilly, UCB, DIAN-TUI and Janssen. BvB was a speaker at a symposium organized by Springer Healthcare. BB has a consultancy agreement with IXICO for the reading of PET scans. BB is a trainer for GE. BB only receives financial compensation from Amsterdam UMC. No other potential conflicts of interest were reported. ### Clinical Trial NCT05371522 ### Funding Statement This study was funded by a ZonMw grant (number: 10430302110003) ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, and registered under 2021-000781-15 in the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) and under [NCT05371522][1] in ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT05371522&atom=%2Fmedrxiv%2Fearly%2F2022%2F06%2F04%2F2022.06.02.22275916.atom

Denver/Colorado – Menschen mit einer Nahrungsmittelallergie infizierten sich in einer Beobachtungsstudie des National Institute of Allergy and Infectious... #Nahrungsmittelallergie #COVID19 #Studie #JACI

BACKGROUND Prior studies reported large decreases in US life expectancy during 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionately affecting Hispanic and Black populations and vastly exceeding the average change in life expectancy in other high-income countries. Life expectancy estimates for 2021 have not been reported. This study estimated changes in life expectancy during 2019-2021 in the US population, in US racial/ethnic groups, and in 21 peer countries. The study compared outcomes across five US racial/ethnic groups and is the first to estimate changes in life expectancy during the pandemic in non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native and Asian populations. METHODS US and peer country death data for 2019-2021 were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics, the Human Mortality Database, and overseas statistical agencies. The 21 peer countries included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. Life expectancy was calculated for 2019 and 2020 and estimated for 2021 using a previously validated modeling method. RESULTS US life expectancy decreased from 78.85 years in 2019 to 76.98 years in 2020 and 76.44 years in 2021, a net loss of 2.41 years. In contrast, peer countries averaged a smaller decrease in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 (0.55 years) and a 0.26-year increase between 2020 and 2021, widening the gap in life expectancy between the United States and peer countries to more than five years. The decrease in US life expectancy was highly racialized: whereas the largest decreases in 2020 occurred among non-Hispanic (NH) American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, NH Black, and NH Asian populations, in 2021 the largest decreases occurred in the NH White population. DISCUSSION The US mortality experience during 2020 and 2021 was more severe than in peer countries, deepening a US disadvantage in health and survival that has been building for decades. Over the two-year period between 2019 and 2021, US NH American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and NH Black populations experienced the largest losses in life expectancy, reflecting the ongoing legacy of systemic racism as well as inadequacies in the US handling of the pandemic. The crossover in racialized outcomes between 2020 and 2021, in which the NH White population experienced the largest decreases, likely has multiple explanations. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Dr. Masters received support from the University of Colorado Population Center grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (CUPC project 2P2CHD066613-06). Dr. Woolf received partial funding from grant UL1TR002649 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. There was no specific funding for this study. ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript.

Vaccination policies have shifted dramatically during COVID-19 with the rapid emergence of population-wide vaccine mandates, domestic vaccine passports and differential restrictions based on vaccination status. While these policies have prompted ethical, scientific, practical, legal and political debate, there has been limited evaluation of their potential unintended consequences. Here, we outline a comprehensive set of hypotheses for why these policies may ultimately be counterproductive and harmful. Our framework considers four domains: (1) behavioural psychology, (2) politics and law, (3) socioeconomics, and (4) the integrity of science and public health. While current vaccines appear to have had a significant impact on decreasing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality burdens, we argue that current mandatory vaccine policies are scientifically questionable and are likely to cause more societal harm than good. Restricting people’s access to work, education, public transport and social life based on COVID-19 vaccination status impinges on human rights, promotes stigma and social polarisation, and adversely affects health and well-being. Current policies may lead to a widening of health and economic inequalities, detrimental long-term impacts on trust in government and scientific institutions, and reduce the uptake of future public health measures, including COVID-19 vaccines as well as routine immunisations. Mandating vaccination is one of the most powerful interventions in public health and should be used sparingly and carefully to uphold ethical norms and trust in institutions. We argue that current COVID-19 vaccine policies should be re-evaluated in light of the negative consequences that we outline. Leveraging empowering strategies based on trust and public consultation, and improving healthcare services and infrastructure, represent a more sustainable approach to optimising COVID-19 vaccination programmes and, more broadly, the health and well-being of the public. There are no data in this work.

Background: There has been considerable debate around mask requirements in schools in the United States and other countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. To dat

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatens vulnerable patient populations, resulting in immense pressures at the local, regional, national, and international levels to contain the virus. Laboratory-based studies demonstrate that masks may offer benefit ...