Economists generally view held by the public (DHBP) is as the most meaningful measure of debt, because it reflects the amount that the Treasury has borrowed from outside lenders through financial markets to support government activities. At high levels, DHBP can crowd out private investments in the economy, make it more difficult to respond to economic crises, and increase volatility within the economy.
As of the end of December 2022, DHBP was $24.5 trillion, or 98 percent of GDP. That borrowing came from both domestic and foreign creditors, with the former holding about two-thirds of it.
Domestic Holders of Federal Debt
Domestic holdings of federal debt have increased notably over the past decade, rising from $6.0 trillion in December 2011 to $17.3 trillion at the end of December 2022. The Federal Reserve, which purchases and sells Treasury securities as a means to influence federal interest rates and the nation’s money supply, is the largest holder of such debt.