Public

Second-order thinking is a mental model that smart people like Warren Buffett & Howard Marks use to avoid problems. Read this article to learn how it works.

Financial modeling is performed in Excel to forecast a company's financial performance. Read our overview and learn how and why to build a model.

Today, in partnership with EMBL’s European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), we’re now releasing predicted structures for nearly all catalogued proteins known to science, which will expand the AlphaFold DB by over 200x - from nearly 1 million structures to over 200 million structures - with the potential to dramatically increase our understanding of biology.

Fermat's Library is a platform for illuminating academic papers.

Blue Ocean Strategy is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost to open up a new market space and create new demand. It provides a systematic approach to making the competition irrelevant.

GAAP is a common set of generally accepted accounting principles, standards, and procedures. U.S. public companies must follow GAAP for their financial statements.

A derivative is a securitized contract whose value is dependent upon one or more underlying assets. Its price is determined by fluctuations in that asset.

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging technology that enables the training of machine learning models from multiple clients while keeping the data distributed and private. Based on the participating clients and the model training scale, federated learning can be classified into two types: cross-device FL where clients are typically mobile devices and the client number can reach up to a scale of millions; cross-silo FL where clients are organizations or companies and the client number is usually small (e.g., within a hundred). While existing studies mainly focus on cross-device FL, this paper aims to provide an overview of the cross-silo FL. More specifically, we first discuss applications of cross-silo FL and outline its major challenges. We then provide a systematic overview of the existing approaches to the challenges in cross-silo FL by focusing on their connections and differences to cross-device FL. Finally, we discuss future directions and open issues that merit research efforts from the community.

With the lines between enterprises' stakeholders—customers, workers, and partners—blurring rapidly, creating a good human experience could begin with putting in place a holistic strategy to measure this experience.

As more and more pre-trained language models adopt on-cloud deployment, the privacy issues grow quickly, mainly for the exposure of plain-text user data (e.g., search history, medical record, bank account). Privacy-preserving inference of transformer models is on the demand of cloud service users. To protect privacy, it is an attractive choice to compute only with ciphertext in homomorphic encryption (HE). However, enabling pre-trained models inference on ciphertext data is difficult due to the complex computations in transformer blocks, which are not supported by current HE tools yet. In this work, we introduce $\textit{THE-X}$, an approximation approach for transformers, which enables privacy-preserving inference of pre-trained models developed by popular frameworks. $\textit{THE-X}$ proposes a workflow to deal with complex computation in transformer networks, including all the non-polynomial functions like GELU, softmax, and LayerNorm. Experiments reveal our proposed $\textit{THE-X}$ can enable transformer inference on encrypted data for different downstream tasks, all with negligible performance drop but enjoying the theory-guaranteed privacy-preserving advantage.