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Self-assembly - Wikipedia

Self-assembly is a process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction. When the constitutive components are molecules, the process is termed molecular self-assembly.

#physic #biology

·en.wikipedia.org·Feb 5, 2023

Self-assembly - Wikipedia

Apoptosis - Wikipedia

Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek: ἀπόπτωσις, romanized: apóptōsis, lit. ''falling off'') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.[1] Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis.[a] For an average human child between eight and fourteen years old, approximately twenty to thirty billion cells die per day

#biology

·en.wikipedia.org·Feb 5, 2023

Apoptosis - Wikipedia

Savior sibling - Wikipedia

A savior baby or savior sibling is a child who is conceived in order to provide a stem cell transplant to a sibling that is affected with a fatal disease, such as cancer or Fanconi anemia, that can best be treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The savior sibling is conceived through in vitro fertilization. Fertilized zygotes are tested for genetic compatibility (human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing), using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and only zygotes that are compatible with the existing child are implanted. Zygotes are also tested to make sure they are free of the original genetic disease. The procedure is controversial.

#biology #medicine

·en.wikipedia.org·Feb 2, 2023

Savior sibling - Wikipedia

Accel - Prepared Mind: The insurtech landscape and five predictions for the future

When Arthur Patterson and Jim Swartz co-founded Accel, a core principle of their approach to investing was a thesis-based method called a “Prepared Mind”. Referencing the Louis Pasteur quote “chance only favours the prepared mind”, this method remains integral to how we approach, learn about and invest in new opportunities today. Prepared Minds involve our team honing in on specific categories and industries, being proactive, talking to our network, researching the trends shaping tomorrow’s world, finding the category leader - and then moving fast (for the right reasons!).

#business #mental-model

·accel.com·Feb 2, 2023

Accel - Prepared Mind: The insurtech landscape and five predictions for the future

Jack Dorsey On The Books That Helped Him Succeed | Y Combinator

Jack Dorsey [https://twitter.com/jack] is the CEO of Twitter and Square. This is his talk from Startup School 2013. The books he mentions are: The Art Spirit [https://www.amazon.com/Art-Spirit-Robert-Henri/dp/0465002633] by Robert Henri The Score Takes Care of Itself: My Philosophy of Leadership [https://www.amazon.com/Score-Takes-Care-Itself-Philosophy/dp/1591843472] by Bill Walsh And the song is: Angoisse [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMOfO-ylQ_w] by Serge Gainsbourg -------------------

“Art when really understood is a province of every human being. It is simply a question of doing things, anything well. It is not an outside extra thing. When the artist is alive in any person, whatever his kind of work may be, he becomes an inventive, searching, daring, self-expressing creature. He becomes interesting to other people. He disturbs, upsets, enlightens and he opens ways for better understanding. When those who are not artists are trying to close the book, he opens it. He shows there are still more pages possible.” I think that’s so telling for everything that you all are about to do, all the challenges you’re about to face. You’re going to be the ones that open the book.

“The world would stagnate without him and the world would be beautiful with him, for he is interesting to himself and he is interesting to others. He does not have to be a painter or a sculptor to be an artist. He can work in any medium. He simply has to find the gain in the work itself, not outside of it.” One of the biggest lessons that I’ve learned throughout my career is how important the work is, how important not just the end product is, but the actual craft, doing the work, inventing within the work

“The work of the art student is no light matter. Few have the courage and stamina to see it through. You have to make up your mind to be alone in many ways. We like sympathy as humans and we like to be in company. It is easier than going it alone, but alone one gets acquainted with himself, grows up and on, not stopping with the crowd. A cost to do this, if you succeed somewhat, you may have to pay for it as well as enjoy it for the rest of your life.” That’s something if you do something meaningful, you are going to have to pay for it in all the work, but at the same time, you will also be able to enjoy it for the rest of your life

“We are not here to do what has already been done.” Everyone in this room feels that we are not here to do what has already been done. “Know what the old masters did, know how they composed their pictures, but do not fall into the conventions they established. These conventions were right for them and they are wonderful. They made their language, you make yours. They can help you, all the past can help you.” I think in Silicon Valley and especially in technology, it’s so easy to fall in the footsteps of others, to do what they do because you think it’s the right way because you think they’ve had the success and you can copy that success, you have to find your own path, you have to find your own footsteps. “An art student must be a master from the beginning that is he must be the master of such as he has by being now master of such as he has, there’s promise that he will be a master in the future.”

I believe the great artists of the future will use fewer words, copy fewer things. Essays will be shorter in words and longer in meaning

#business #wisdom

·ycombinator.com·Feb 1, 2023

Jack Dorsey On The Books That Helped Him Succeed | Y Combinator

Ramadan Fasting During the COVID-19 Pandemic; Observance of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Criteria for Improving the Immune System

Fasting is one of the religious rituals of Muslims worldwide who refrain from eating foods and liquids every year during Ramadan. This year (2020), Ramadan is very different from previous years due to the outbreak of a terrible microscopic giant called ...

Fasting for at least 3 days allows the body to start producing new white blood cells, which rejuvenates the immune system to fight infection. Although it has been shown in humans and animals that the number of white blood cells decreases with long-term fasting, blood cells return when they are re-fed

Whilst Ramadan fasting may seem to be a harmful challenge for Muslims in this situation, some health benefits have been proposed in humans (Figure 2). Nevertheless, improving immune function and increasing individual resistance are essential to help fight COVID-19

#health

·ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·Jan 31, 2023

Ramadan Fasting During the COVID-19 Pandemic; Observance of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Criteria for Improving the Immune System

Fasting as key tone for COVID immunity - Nature Metabolism

SARS-CoV-2-induced anorexia triggers systemic metabolic alterations. In a study published in Nature, Karagiannis et al. show that the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) improves COVID-19 disease outcomes. Further, BHB metabolically and functionally reprograms CD4+ T cells, highlighting immunometabolic tuning of immunity in COVID-19.

Overall, this study has identified the ketone body BHB as an alternative carbon source to fuel mitochondrial OXPHOS, thereby metabolically reprogramming TH1 cells and improving antiviral immunity in conditions of infection-induced anorexia. Considering the diverse cellular signalling activities of BHB3, it is possible that BHB alters CD4+ T cell function through additional means such as transcriptional regulation or epigenetic modifications, consistent with a role for BHB in controlling CD8+ memory T cell development via epigenetic regulation15. As metabolic programs are crucial regulators of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell plasticity and heterogeneity9, additional studies are required to address whether BHB and other metabolites induced by a ketogenic diet have similar effects on other types of T cell during viral infection or in other nutrient-deprived contexts, including the tumour microenvironment. In summary, these important findings broaden our knowledge of dietary influence on antiviral immunity and provide new insights into and understanding of the variable morbidity associated with COVID-19.

#health

·nature.com·Jan 31, 2023

Fasting as key tone for COVID immunity - Nature Metabolism

Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registry

Objectives Intermittent fasting boosts some host defence mechanisms while modulating the inflammatory response. Lower-frequency fasting is associated with greater survival and lower risk from COVID-19-related comorbidities. This study evaluated associations of periodic fasting with COVID-19 severity and, secondarily, initial infection by SARS-CoV-2. Design Prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Setting Single-centre secondary care facility in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA with follow-up across a 24-hospital integrated healthcare system. Participants Patients enrolled in the INSPIRE registry in 2013–2020 were studied for the primary outcome if they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during March 2020 to February 2021 (n=205) or, for the secondary outcome, if they had any SARS-CoV-2 test result (n=1524). Interventions No treatment assignments were made; individuals reported their personal history of routine periodic fasting across their life span. Main outcome measures A composite of mortality or hospitalisation was the primary outcome and evaluated by Cox regression through February 2021 with multivariable analyses considering 36 covariables. The secondary outcome was whether a patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Results Subjects engaging in periodic fasting (n=73, 35.6%) did so for 40.4±20.6 years (max: 81.9 years) prior to COVID-19 diagnosis. The composite outcome occurred in 11.0% of periodic fasters and 28.8% of non-fasters (p=0.013), with HR=0.61 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.90) favouring fasting. Multivariable analyses confirmed this association. Other predictors of hospitalisation/mortality were age, Hispanic ethnicity, prior MI, prior TIA and renal failure, with trends for race, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, coronary disease, diabetes, heart failure and anxiety, but not alcohol use. In secondary analysis, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 14.3% of fasters and 13.0% of non-fasters (p=0.51). Conclusions Routine periodic fasting was associated with a lower risk of hospitalisation or mortality in patients with COVID-19. Fasting may be a complementary therapy to vaccination that could provide immune support and hyperinflammation control during and beyond the pandemic. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, [NCT02450006][1] (the INSPIRE registry). Data are available upon reasonable request. The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly due to US privacy laws. Data are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT02450006&atom=%2Fbmjnph%2Fearly%2F2022%2F06%2F30%2Fbmjnph-2022-000462.atom

In the n=205 patients with COVID-19, 11.0% of fasters and 28.8% of non-fasters had hospitalisation/mortality (figure 2). This constituted a total of 46 composite study events, or 40 hospitalisations without death, 4 hospitalisations ending in death and 2 deaths without hospitalisation. The association of periodic fasting with the composite end point had HR=0.61 (CI 0.42 to 0.90; p=0.013). Fasting remained significant in all multivariable analyses (table 2), with a range of HR=0.61–0.65 depending on the covariables that were entered (p=0.015–0.036). Results for periodic fasting were similar in subjects <65 years (figure 3A) and ≥65 years of age (figure 3B), although splitting the population into the two subgroups (n=104 and n=101, respectively) reduced the statistical significance in both age groups.

#health

·nutrition.bmj.com·Jan 31, 2023

Association of periodic fasting with lower severity of COVID-19 outcomes in the SARS-CoV-2 prevaccine era: an observational cohort from the INSPIRE registry

Consensus (computer science) - Wikipedia

A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus include agreeing on what transactions to commit to a database in which order, state machine replication, and atomic broadcasts. Real-world applications often requiring consensus include cloud computing, clock synchronization, PageRank, opinion formation, smart power grids, state estimation, control of UAVs (and multiple robots/agents in general), load balancing, blockchain, and others.

#computer-science #epistemology

·en.wikipedia.org·Jan 30, 2023

Consensus (computer science) - Wikipedia

Blockchain Consensus? - consensus

Consensus algorithms enable network participants to agree on the contents of a blockchain in a distributed and trust-less manner.“Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole. Consensus may be defined professionally as an acceptable resolution, one that can be supported, even if not the “favourite” of each individual. Consensus is defined by Merriam-Webster as, first, general agreement, and second, group solidarity of belief or sentiment.” Wikipedia

#epistemology #computer-science #web3

·tokens-economy.gitbook.io·Jan 30, 2023

Blockchain Consensus? - consensus

Proof of Stake (PoS) - consensus

The proof-of-stake (PoS) mechanism works using an algorithm that selects participants with the highest stakes as validators, assuming that the highest stakeholders are incentivized to ensure a transaction is processed. The idea is that those with the most coins in circulation have the most to lose so they are positioned to work in the interest of the network. The amount of coins that a network may require changes just like the difficulty in PoW.In PoS, the blocks aren’t created by miners doing work, but by minters staking their tokens to “bet” on which blocks are valid. In the case of a fork, minters spend their tokens voting on which fork to support. Assuming most people vote on the correct fork, validators who voted on the wrong fork would “lose their stake” in the correct one. The common argument against proof-of-stake is the Nothing at Stake problem. The concern is that since it costs validators almost no computational power to support a fork unlike PoW, validators could vote for both sides of every fork that happens. Forks in PoS could then be much more common than in PoW, which some people worry could harm the credibility of the currency.

#web3 #epistemology

·tokens-economy.gitbook.io·Jan 30, 2023

Proof of Stake (PoS) - consensus

Proof of Work (PoW) - consensus

PoW was originally invented as a means to combat spam (see hashcash)if you make it computationally expensive to send email then spamming would be cost prohibitive while still being almost free for a normal user to send email.Bitcoin, which made the blockchain technology popular, developed the so-called Proof of Work (PoW) algorithm. In principle, each participant on the Bitcoin network can participate in the block generation. In order to confirm the transaction and enter a block into the blockchain, a miner has to provide an answer, or a proof, to a specific challenge. Miners use PoW to validate transactions and mining new coins, but its main goal is to block potential cyber-attacks or suspicious activities within the network.

#web3 #epistemology

·tokens-economy.gitbook.io·Jan 30, 2023

Proof of Work (PoW) - consensus

Proof of Stake (POS) / Proof of Presence (PoP) - consensus

Reward for generating blocks (Proof-of-Stake, POS). This involves running a full node, unlocked and with the user's stake applied to generate blocks. Users who run a block generating node generally need to have at least a moderate amount of token on their account

#epistemology #web3

·tokens-economy.gitbook.io·Jan 30, 2023

Proof of Stake (POS) / Proof of Presence (PoP) - consensus

Proof of History - consensus

Proof of History is a sequence of computation that can provide a way to cryptographically verify passage of time between two events. It uses a cryptographically secure function written so that output cannot be predicted from the input, and must be completely executed to generate the output. The function is run in a sequence on a single core, its previous output as the current input, periodically recording the current output, and how many times its been called. The output can then be re-computed and verified by external computers in parallel by checking each sequence segment on a separate core. Data can be timestamped into this sequence by appending the data (or a hash of some data) into the state of the function. The recording of the state, index and data as it was appended into the sequences provides a timestamp that can guarantee that the data was created sometime before the next hash was generated in the sequence. This design also supports horizontal scaling as multiple generators can synchronize amongst each other by mixing their state into each others sequences.

#web3 #epistemology

·tokens-economy.gitbook.io·Jan 30, 2023

Proof of History - consensus

Question Answering - OpenAI | Weaviate - vector search engine

In short

First it performs a semantic search with k=1 to find the document (e.g. a Sentence, Paragraph, Article, etc.) which is most likely to contain the answer. This step has no certainty threshold and as long as at least one document is present, it will be fetched and selected as the one most likely containing the answer. In a second step, Weaviate creates the required prompt as an input to an external call made to the OpenAI Completions endpoint. Weaviate uses the most relevant documents to establish a prompt for which OpenAI extracts the answer

#ai #embeddings

·weaviate.io·Jan 28, 2023

Question Answering - OpenAI | Weaviate - vector search engine

Blockchained On-Device Federated Learning

#ai

·arxiv.org·Feb 2, 2023

Blockchained On-Device Federated Learning

New AI classifier for indicating AI-written text

We’re launching a classifier trained to distinguish between AI-written and human-written text. We’ve trained a classifier to distinguish between text written by a human and text written by AIs from a variety of providers. While it is impossible to reliably detect all AI-written text, we believe good classifiers

#ai

·openai.com·Feb 1, 2023

New AI classifier for indicating AI-written text

Learning to Generate Reviews and Discovering Sentiment

#ai

·arxiv.org·Jan 28, 2023

Learning to Generate Reviews and Discovering Sentiment

DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvature

#ai

·arxiv.org·Jan 28, 2023

DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvature

Secure multi-party computation - Wikipedia

Secure multi-party computation (also known as secure computation, multi-party computation (MPC) or privacy-preserving computation) is a subfield of cryptography with the goal of creating methods for parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping those inputs private. Unlike traditional cryptographic tasks, where cryptography assures security and integrity of communication or storage and the adversary is outside the system of participants (an eavesdropper on the sender and receiver), the cryptography in this model protects participants' privacy from each other.

#ai #programming

·en.wikipedia.org·Oct 17, 2022

Secure multi-party computation - Wikipedia

(PDF) Hand-Grip Dynamometry Predicts Future Outcomes in Aging Adults

PDF | One use of clinical measures is the prediction of future outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the literature... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

The evidence gathered from diverse samples of individuals, employing several dynamometers, and using different strength measures sup-ports the value of grip strength as a predictor of mortality, disability, complications, and increased length of stay.

#health

·researchgate.net·Oct 24, 2022

(PDF) Hand-Grip Dynamometry Predicts Future Outcomes in Aging Adults

Alexis Courbet | Towards Computational Design of Self Assembling &Genetically Encodable Nanomachines

#ai #biology

·youtube.com·Oct 24, 2022

Alexis Courbet | Towards Computational Design of Self Assembling &Genetically Encodable Nanomachines

Cauchy–Schwarz inequality - Wikipedia

#mathematic

·en.wikipedia.org·Oct 26, 2022

Cauchy–Schwarz inequality - Wikipedia

Gram–Schmidt process - Wikipedia

#mathematic

·en.wikipedia.org·Oct 26, 2022

Gram–Schmidt process - Wikipedia

[The Knowledge Project Ep. #151] Alan Mulally: The Power Of Working Together - Farnam Street

Shane: Alan, let’s just dive right in. You’ve served your family, Boeing, Ford, and communities around the world in such a positive way over the years. How did you end up with this formation of leadership, and can you share your service journey with us? Alan: Absolutely. Well, first of all, it’s a pleasure to …

it’s nice to be important but it’s more important to be nice

By Working Together with others you can make the most positive contribution to the most people

The idea of an integrated life is that you decide what’s really important to you, and be honest with yourself, and also you’re looking at your calendar near and longer term, and are you paying attention to the things that you really believe are important in your life to serve?

the lesson learned out of that, that I’ve learned over the years, and you have too, is you think about it, you look at it from every possible angle, and at the end of the day you decide, but the most important thing is that when you say it and you start to act on it, you really need to think about how you feel about it.

we only receive, or we only really want feedback when we feel safe, and we only offer real feedback when we feel safe

if you look up the definition of authenticity, three circles again, it’s the alignment of who you are and what you do between your beliefs, values, and behaviors.

#business #humans

·fs.blog·Nov 12, 2022

[The Knowledge Project Ep. #151] Alan Mulally: The Power Of Working Together - Farnam Street

Tobi Lütke: Calm Progress #152

Celebrated entrepreneur and Shopify co-founder and CEO Tobi Lütke discusses how Shopify endured through the COVID-10 pandemic, why he’s so optimistic about the future, the differences between founders and CEOs, how his job has changed as Shopify has grown over the years, how to fight bureaucracy, how he thinks about innovation in a large company, and how he manages to keep his head when everyone else is losing theirs, among other topics.

when you dig into the nuances of what the most important thing is, it’s usually not the current tactic, but it’s actually the overall strategy. And the North Star is the thing that you need to protect

I actually think, even concepts like roadmaps and generally, plans are actually overrated. The best possible roadmap is have a very clear guide view of what matters to your merchant, have a super strong model of your own capabilities as a company. And then we run the function of deciding what is the very best thing you can work on. Every moment, you have teams ready to pick the next task instead of everyone of doggedly working off a thing that, of course, gets interrupted by reality.

In every company, there’s a founding story. Everyone gets this clear sense that, hey, the reason why we have this job, the reason why we’re on this mission, the reason why we’re doing this thing is because at some point someone took the first step, wrote the first line of code. That story is imbued in the company

#cooperation #business

·fs.blog·Nov 13, 2022

Tobi Lütke: Calm Progress #152

Superrationality - Wikipedia

In economics and game theory, a participant is considered to have superrationality (or renormalized rationality) if they have perfect rationality (and thus maximize their utility) but assume that all other players are superrational too and that a superrational individual will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational thinker when facing the same problem. Applying this definition, a superrational player playing against a superrational opponent in a prisoner's dilemma will cooperate while a rationally self-interested player would defect.

#game-theory #economics

·en.wikipedia.org·Jan 27, 2023

Superrationality - Wikipedia

Parallax - Wikipedia

Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or half-angle of inclination between those two lines. Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects, so parallax can be used to determine distances.

Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or half-angle of inclination between those two lines.[1][2] Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects, so parallax can be used to determine distances.

#vision

·en.wikipedia.org·Jan 26, 2023

Parallax - Wikipedia

Proof of work - Wikipedia

Proof of work (PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers) that a certain amount of a specific computational effort has been expended.[1] Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. The concept was invented by Moni Naor and Cynthia Dwork in 1993 as a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from a service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. The term "proof of work" was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels.[2][3]

#web3

·en.wikipedia.org·Jan 25, 2023

Proof of work - Wikipedia

Proof-of-stake (PoS) | ethereum.org

An explanation of the proof-of-stake consensus protocol and its role in Ethereum.

Proof-of-stake underlies certain consensus mechanisms used by blockchains to achieve distributed consensus. In proof-of-work, miners prove they have capital at risk by expending energy. Ethereum uses proof-of-stake, where validators explicitly stake capital in the form of ETH into a smart contract on Ethereum. This staked ETH then acts as collateral that can be destroyed if the validator behaves dishonestly or lazily. The validator is then responsible for checking that new blocks propagated over the network are valid and occasionally creating and propagating new blocks themselves.

#web3 #epistemology

·ethereum.org·Jan 25, 2023

Proof-of-stake (PoS) | ethereum.org