Curious Loop
Building new airports or expanding existing ones is extremely difficult due to strong opposition from various interest groups and local residents.
The introduction of jet airliners in the 1950s-60s led to a significant increase in aircraft noise, which became a major source of public opposition and lawsuits against airports.
Efforts to address aircraft noise through technology improvements, noise regulations, and operational changes had limited success in quelling public opposition.
Locating new airports far from urban areas to minimize noise impacts is challenging, as airports need to be reasonably close to the population centers they serve.
The large physical footprint of modern airports, along with their environmental impacts, make them prime examples of "NIMBY" (not-in-my-backyard) infrastructure that face fierce local resistance.
Despite the difficulty of building new airports, the air travel system has been able to accommodate growing demand through measures like increasing aircraft capacity, improving air traffic control, and redirecting traffic to regional airports.
Airports are highly profitable enterprises that can finance expansions through bond issuances, but legal and regulatory constraints limit what they can do to address issues like noise.
The US has built more commercial nuclear reactors in the past 25 years than major new commercial airports, despite a large increase in air travel over that period.
The pre-jet era of aviation was characterized by smaller, noisier aircraft and more limited air travel, while the modern jet age has transformed air travel into a mass transportation mode despite the challenges of building infrastructure.
The air travel system appears to be constantly bumping up against capacity limits, leading to periodic bouts of severe flight delays, though innovative solutions have so far prevented a full-blown crisis.