Ableism has been used for generations to degrade, oppress, control and disappear disabled and nondisabled people alike.
Talila A. Lewis argues that ableism has deep implications for every other marginalized identity. In short, ableism, according to Lewis, is at the root of other powerful hegemonic sites — from race and class to colonialism and nationality. In this way, they uncover the ways in which ableism insidiously operates across space and time.
In America, people have come to understand most everything through a lens of whiteness, wealth, colonial, imperial and other power systems which makes it easy to dismiss and difficult to even see oppressed people’s humanity. Humanity is particularly relevant here because so much of what disability actually is, is just humanity; and so much of what ableism is, is a humanity heist.
Césaire’s characterization is apt. I expand on his equation: assigning superhuman and inhuman to a person or group of people = negation of their humanity.
Ableism nullifies, objectifies and problematizes (i.e., thingifies) oppressed people to distract from the actual problems (i.e., capitalism, imperialism, authoritarianism, oppression, impoverishment, etc.). Ableism fashions the “distraction” Toni Morrison warned us about that keeps its objects perpetually clamoring toward an everlasting “one more thing” to prove that they are not nothing and not everything — that they are but human.
Disability and ableism have been remarkably misunderstood, downplayed, erased, ignored, or manipulated in discussions of past and present social inequity and oppression. Specifically, disability is often misunderstood as an objectively defined static identity, and ableism misunderstood as an oppression that can only be experienced by disabled people. But these conveniently and strategically limited conceptions of disability and ableism create, enable and exacerbate all forms of inequity, and hamper all liberation efforts.
In truth, disability is one of the most fluid and complex marginalized identities; and ableism the oldest, most radical, and one of the least understood systemic oppressions. Since we live under racial capitalism, settler colonialism and white supremacy, ableism in the United States has never solely been about disability. Ableism here has always been about at least race, gender, labor/productivity/capital, and dis/ability. In fact, ableism has been used for generations to degrade, oppress, control, and disappear disabled and non-disabled people alike — especially those who are Black/Indigenous (e.g., scientific racism). Relatedly, all oppression is rooted in and dependent on ableism — especially anti-Black/Indigenous racism. Not only is all oppression rooted in and dependent on ableism, but as your question suggests: ableism plays a leading role in how we frame, understand, construct and respond to race, class, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, nationality, criminal status, disability, and countless other identities. Meaning, not only is ableism central to the construction of what people think disability is, but ableism frames every other marginalized identity as well.
It seems to me that ableism is this expansive normative framework that creates all sorts of comparisons that are deeply binary, divisive. Ableism fragments the world in such a way that one is either within the normatively structured “inside” or the normatively structured “outside.”
In its simplest terms, ableism is the categorization and valuation or ranking, of a bodymind, behavior, characteristic or community as inferior or superior, unworthy or worthy, useless or useful, normative or deviant, etc. In the United States context, these valuations and rankings are in/formed through the application of white supremacist settler-colonial cisheteropatriarchal capitalist ideas about race, ethnicity, dis/ability, gender, re/productivity, criminality, civility, intelligence, fitness, beauty, birth/living place, etc. In other words, in the United States, our identities and our purported values are both a function and byproduct of ableism. Ableism is the untamed and too often unnamed force behind eugenics and white supremacy.