Neurodiversity in custody: Screening results for ADHD and autistic traits in individuals arrested by the London Metropolitan Police
Background: Previous studies have identified high rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism in incarcerated populations. Despite such findings and the potential benefits of screening for undiagnosed autism and ADHD at earlier stages of police contact, such efforts are rare.
Aims: To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of screening of arrested individuals for ADHD and autistic traits while in police custody.
Methods: Over an 8-week period, individuals arrested and detained at six police custody centres in London, UK, were offered screening for ADHD and autistic traits. ADHD traits were assessed using a modified version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and autistic traits using the 10-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-10). Screening was carried out in person at the custody site by a healthcare professional, designated detention officer, or arresting police officer. Individuals who screened above the thresholds (≥21 for ASRS, ≥6 for AQ-10) were informed and provided additional information on how to seek a formal diagnosis.
Results: Of 303 eligible arrestees, 216 (71.3%) consented to screening. The screening tools identified 50% and 5% of arrestees without an existing diagnosis of the respective condition as warranting further assessment for ADHD and autism. ADHD and autism trait scores were correlated (r = 0.30, p < 0.01). Nearly 60% of individuals arrested for drug offences had an existing diagnosis or positive screening result for ADHD.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate high rates of ADHD and autistic traits in arrestees without an existing diagnosis of that condition— particularly among individuals arrested for drug offences. Moreover, we find that screening for ADHD and autistic traits is acceptable to most arrestees and can be completed by existing staff present at custody centres. Future research should evaluate the impact of such screening on future diagnoses, access to support, and progress through the criminal justice system.