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Learn about Joint Commission accreditation, certification and standards, plus measurement and performance improvement areas and our many helpful resources.

La Crosse virus (LACV) is the most common cause of neuroinvasive mosquito-borne disease in children within the United States. Despite more than 50 years of recognized endemicity in the United States, the true burden of LACV disease is grossly underappreciated, and there remain severe knowledge gaps …

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of post mortem laboratory analysis in identifying...

Francisella tularensis (Ft.) is a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia in humans. Ft. causes the most severe, often fatal, form of the disease through inhalation. However, Ft. is most commonly transmitted through direct contact with infected animal carcasses such as rodents and rabbits, consumption of contaminated food or water, or through arthropod bites, particularly ticks. Due to its extremely low infectious dose, high mortality rate, and potential use as a biological warfare agent, Ft. is classified by the CDC as a "Tier 1 select agent". Ft. infection triggers an overactive inflammatory response, termed a "cytokine storm", which produces excessive tissue damage (and even failure) of vital organs, leading to rapid death of the host before its adaptive immunity responses can be brought to bear against the infection. In the periphery, macrophages, paradoxically the target cell for Ft., provide innate immune defense against foreign material, including bacteria. Microglia, the resident macrophage-like cells of the brain and spinal cord, rapidly respond to pathological changes in the central nervous system, serving a similar function as macrophages. Their rapid activation is an important factor in guarding the neural parenchyma against infectious diseases, inflammation, and neurodegeneration while maintaining and facilitating the return to tissue homeostasis. In the United States, several clinical cases of tularemia meningitis were diagnosed since 1931; however, there is no further research exploring the condition. We hypothesize that, after peripheral inoculation of Ft., the bacteria infiltrate the central nervous system using a Trojan horse-type mechanism and infect microglia, leading to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain which then cause damage to surrounding neurons, ultimately leading to death. The research trajectory for this project is to: 1) identify the cellular targets of Ft. in the CNS; 2) identify the mechanism by which Ft. infiltrates the central nervous system; and 3) determine the resulting level of neuroinflammation in the brain after infection.

Focal seizures appear to start abruptly and unpredictably when recorded from volumes of brain probed by clinical intracranial electroencephalograms. To investigate the spatiotemporal scale of focal epilepsy, wide-bandwidth electrophysiological recordings ...

Guides to sectioning, discrimination, and your rights in other common situations. For adults in England and Wales who live with mental health problems.

Many of us encounter stigma related to mental health. We offer practical tips on how you can challenge and deal with stigma or misconceptions.

Pseudoseizure is an older term for events that appear to be epileptic seizures but, in fact, do not represent the manifestation of abnormal excessive synchronous cortical activity, which defines epileptic seizures. They are not a variation of epilepsy but are of psychiatric origin. Other terms used in the past include hysterical seizures, psychogenic seizures, and others. The most standard current terminology is psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Some advocate other terms such as psychogenic functional spells or psychogenic nonepileptic events, spells, or attacks. These terms reinforce the idea that the events are not epileptic seizures.[1][2][3][4][5] A retrospective review of a small number of patients over a number of years revealed that dozens of different diagnostic terms were used to describe these events.[5] Though established in use, the term pseudoseizure and others should be regarded as jargon, and the use of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (or alternatively, spells) (PNES) is encouraged for clarity.

Learn about the link between PTSD and seizures, types of seizures, causes, misdiagnosis, and treatment options to manage symptoms effectively.

Discover powerful CBT tips for coping with gaslighting at work. Learn to recognize manipulation, build resilience, and empower yourself.

Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder (FND), is a psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms affecting sensory or motor function. These signs and symptoms are inconsistent with patterns of known neurologic diseases or other medical conditions. Although conversion disorder has no organic basis, the symptoms significantly impact a patient’s ability to function. Moreover, the symptoms cannot be controlled at will and not considered to be feigned intentionally by the patient. The term “conversion disorder” was first mentioned in literature by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). The Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis believed that functional symptoms that could not be explained by neurologic diseases or other underlying medical conditions reflected an unconscious conflict.[1] In this context, the word "conversion" refers to replacing a somatic symptom with a repressed idea. The understanding of conversion disorder is still largely limited and continually evolving.[2]

Gaslighting is a form of psychological and emotional abuse where victims are made to question themselves and their grasp of reality. Different types of gaslighting include reality manipulation or questioning, outright lies, trivializing, scapegoating, and coercion. While gaslighting can be difficult to deal with, there are things you can do before, during, and after being

Gaslighting expert, Dr. Robin Stern, shares her expertise including 3 types of gaslighters & tactics they use to make YOU feel crazy. Get ready for validation.

Gaslighting recovery is possible if you have been a victim. The highly sensitive person and empaths are more susceptible to gaslighting .

Learn how to create healthy habits with your own dopamenu. This article includes examples and a downloadable dopamine menu template.

Shame spiraling is a common experience for people living with ADHD. This blog post examines shame spiraling and what you can do about it.

Training models are part of instructional design. It’s the process of creating instruction material for different training needs. Get to know about the different types of training models from Harappa to transform your employees and faculty into confidants and coaches.

House officers detect many AEs among inpatients. Confidential peer interviews of front-line providers is a promising method for identifying medical errors and substandard quality.