Alpha Methyl Phenylethylamines

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Fungal symbionts have been found to be associated with every plant studied in the natural ecosystem, where they colonize and reside entirely or partially in the internal tissues of their host plant. Fungal endophytes can express/form a range of different ...

ABSTRACT The notion of the “biological individual” is crucial to studies of genetics, immunology, evolution, development, anatomy, and physiology. Each of these biological subdisciplines has a specific conception of individuality, which has historically provided conceptual contexts for integrating newly acquired data. During the past decade, nucleic acid analysis, especially genomic sequencing and high-throughput RNA techniques, has challenged each of these disciplinary definitions by finding significant interactions of animals and plants with symbiotic microorganisms that disrupt the boundaries that heretofore had characterized the biological individual. Animals cannot be considered individuals by anatomical or physiological criteria because a diversity of symbionts are both present and functional in completing metabolic pathways and serving other physiological functions. Similarly, these new studies have shown that animal development is incomplete without symbionts. Symbionts also constitute a second mode of genetic inheritance, providing selectable genetic variation for natural selection. The immune system also develops, in part, in dialogue with symbionts and thereby functions as a mechanism for integrating microbes into the animal-cell community. Recognizing the “holobiont”—the multicellular eukaryote plus its colonies of persistent symbionts—as a critically important unit of anatomy, development, physiology, immunology, and evolution opens up new investigative avenues and conceptually challenges the ways in which the biological subdisciplines have heretofore characterized living entities.

Macromolecular crowding affects the activity of proteins and functional macromolecular complexes in all cells, including bacteria. Crowding, together with physicochemical parameters such as pH, ionic strength, and the energy status, influences the structure of the cytoplasm and thereby indirectly macromolecular function. Notably, crowding also promotes the formation of biomolecular condensates by phase separation, initially identified in eukaryotic cells but more recently discovered to play key functions in bacteria. Bacterial cells require a variety of mechanisms to maintain physicochemical homeostasis, in particular in environments with fluctuating conditions, and the formation of biomolecular condensates is emerging as one such mechanism. In this work, we connect physicochemical homeostasis and macromolecular crowding with the formation and function of biomolecular condensates in the bacterial cell and compare the supramolecular structures found in bacteria with those of eukaryotic cells. We focus on the effects of crowding and phase separation on the control of bacterial chromosome replication, segregation, and cell division, and we discuss the contribution of biomolecular condensates to bacterial cell fitness and adaptation to environmental stress.

Synthetic biology and bioengineering provide the opportunity to create novel embodied cognitive systems (otherwise known as minds) in a very wide variety of chimeric architectures combining evolved and designed material and software. These advances are disrupting familiar concepts in the philosophy of mind, and require new ways of thinking about and comparing truly diverse intelligences, whose composition and origin are not like any of the available natural model species. In this Perspective, I introduce TAME—Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere—a framework for understanding and manipulating cognition in unconventional substrates. TAME formalizes a non-binary (continuous), empirically-based approach to strongly embodied agency. TAME provides a natural way to think about animal sentience as an instance of collective intelligence of cell groups, arising from dynamics that manifest in similar ways in numerous other substrates. When applied to regenerating/developmental systems, TAME suggests a perspective on morphogenesis as an example of basal cognition. The deep symmetry between problem-solving in anatomical, physiological, transcriptional, and 3D (traditional behavioral) spaces drives specific hypotheses by which cognitive capacities can increase during evolution. An important medium exploited by evolution for joining active subunits into greater agents is developmental bioelectricity, implemented by pre-neural use of ion channels and gap junctions to scale up cell-le...

Meet a variety of species that team up to their mutual benefit.

Symbiosis is a term describing any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms. The specific kind of symbiosis depends on whether either or both organisms benefit from the relationship.

The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approx…

Abstract. The Symbiocene, or period of re-integration between humans and the rest of nature, is the second of the master themes used to define Earth emotio

Abstract. The Symbiocene, or period of re-integration between humans and the rest of nature, is the second of the master themes used to define Earth emotio

All multicellular creatures interact with bacteria, but some have taken the relationship to another level with highly specialized structures that house, feed, and exploit the tiny organisms.

Thought blocking is a common symptom of schizophrenia and it can be hard to spot. Learn more about thought blocking with Life Adjustment Team here...

Thought blocking is a common symptom of schizophrenia and it can be hard to spot. Learn more about thought blocking with Life Adjustment Team here...

Capgras syndrome is a part of the delusional misidentification syndromes. In this condition, the patient believes that identical individuals have impersonated the people close to them, leading t...

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In this clip we see a Capgras' delusion patient, a condition presumably caused by impaired connections between the visual areas of the temporal lobe and the ...

In this clip we see a Capgras' delusion patient, a condition presumably caused by impaired connections between the visual areas of the temporal lobe and the ...

This delusion was first described in 1923 by French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras, but its neurological underpinnings are only now being understood.

This delusion was first described in 1923 by French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras, but its neurological underpinnings are only now being understood.

Capgras is a delusional misidentification syndrome that can complicate a dementia patient’s quality of life and their family members’ efforts to care for them. Learn the best ways to handle delusions and foster positive interactions with your loved one.

Capgras is a delusional misidentification syndrome that can complicate a dementia patient’s quality of life and their family members’ efforts to care for them. Learn the best ways to handle delusions and foster positive interactions with your loved one.

Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports - This paper synthesizes the extensive psychological, psychiatric, and neurophysiological literature on delusions of misidentification (DMI), including the...

The Dangerous Delusion of Doubles – Capgras Syndrome – Mental Disorder Documentary Capgras syndrome is a delusional disorder characterised by the unshakeabl...

The Dangerous Delusion of Doubles – Capgras Syndrome – Mental Disorder Documentary Capgras syndrome is a delusional disorder characterised by the unshakeabl...

We present the case of a 58-year-old male patient who had symptoms of anxiety after witnessing a

Although rare, this condition can be seen in a variety of well-known disorders, including Lewy body dementia and schizophrenia.