BIRDS

Introduction In addition to the lipid-lowering effect of bile acid sequestrants (BASs), they also lower blood glucose and, therefore, could be beneficial in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Three oral BASs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: colestipol, cholestyramine and colesevelam. The BAS colestimide/colestilan is used in Japan. Colesevelam was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of T2DM. We plan to provide a systematic review with meta-analysis of the glucose-lowering effect of BASs with the aim to evaluate their potential as glucose-lowering agents in patients with T2DM. Methods and analysis In accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement, a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of BASs (vs placebo, oral antidiabetes drugs or insulin), reporting measures of glycaemic control in adult patients with T2DM, will be performed. Change in glycated haemoglobin constitutes the primary endpoint, and secondary endpoints include changes in fasting plasma glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight and body mass index and adverse events. Electronic searches will be performed in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE, along with manual searches in the reference lists of relevant papers. The analyses will be performed based on individual patient data and summarised data. The primary meta-analysis will be performed using random effects models owing to expected intertrial heterogeneity. Dichotomous data will be analysed using risk difference and continuous data using weighted mean differences, both with 95% CIs. Ethics and dissemination The study will evaluate the potential of BASs as glucose-lowering agents and possibly contribute to the clinical management of patients with T2DM. Results The study will be disseminated by peer-review publication and conference presentation. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42012002552.

Background Community-onset pneumonia (COP) is a combined concept of community acquired pneumonia and the previous classification of healthcare-associated pneumonia. Although ceftriaxone (CRO) is one of the treatment choices for COP, it is unclear whether 1 or 2 g CRO daily has better efficacy. We compared the effectiveness of 1 g with 2 g of CRO for COP treatment. We hypothesized that 1 g CRO would show non-inferiority over 2 g CRO. Methods This study was an analysis of prospectively registered data of the patients with COP from four Japanese hospitals (the Adult Pneumonia Study Group-Japan: APSG-J). We included subjects who were initially treated solely with 1 or 2 g of CRO. The propensity score was estimated from the 33 pre-treatment variables, including age, sex, weight, pre-existing comorbidities, prescribed drugs, risk factors for aspiration pneumonia, vital signs, laboratory data, and a finding from chest xrays. The primary endpoint was the cure rate, for which a non-inferiority analysis was performed with a margin of 0.05. In addition, we performed three sensitivity analyses; using data limited to the group in which CRO solely was used until the completion of treatment, using data limited to inpatient cases, and performing a generalized linear mixed-effect logistic regression analysis to assess the primary outcome after adjusting for random hospital effects. Results Of the 3817 adult subjects with pneumonia who were registered in the APSG-J study, 290 and 216 were initially treated solely with 1 or 2 g of CRO, respectively. Propensity score matching was used to extract 175 subjects in each group. The cure rate was 94.6 and 93.1% in the 1 and 2 g CRO groups, respectively (risk difference 1.5%; 95% confidence interval − 3.1 to 6.0; p = 0.009 for non-inferiority). The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary result. Conclusions The propensity score-matched analysis of multicenter cohort data from Japan revealed that the cure rate for COP patients treated with 1 g daily CRO was non-inferior to that of patients treated with 2 g daily CRO.

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the normal recommended dose of ceftriaxone in critically ill patients and t

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Abstract. Tunneling requires intensive studies to evaluate rheological parameters of the ground, especially under squeezing conditions. In the current stud

Posts about force tunneling written by Richard M. Hicks

During the planning phase of a Windows 10 Always On VPN implementation the administrator must decide between two tunneling options for VPN client traffic – split tunneling or force tunneling. When …

Tunnel junctions are interesting for both studying fundamental physical phenomena and providing new technological applications. Modeling of the tunneling curren

Transducers based on quantum mechanical tunneling provide an extremely sensitive sensor principle, especially for nanoelectromechanical systems. For proper oper

We compared the force of extraction for peripheral nerve catheters under three different situations in a porcine model using untunnelled, tunnelled and double-tunnelled catheters. Following insertion...

This document describes Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client tunnels, the reconnect behavior and Dead Peer Detection (DPD), and inactivity timer.

This document describes how to configure the Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Client via the ASDM on a Cisco ASA that runs software Version 9.16.1.

We propose and analyze the theory of the tunnelling relay, a nanoscale active device in which tunnelling current is modulated by electromechanical actuation of

An electro-mechanical setup for the measurement of AC-forces in a low-temperature tunnelling microscope has been developed, which enables extremely high force resolution. The crosstalk of...

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This document specifies the language and set of semantics describing tunnels in the Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL). It defines a new tunnel class, inet-tunnel, and a set of extensions to the inet-rtr class. An instance of the inet-tunnel class specifies endpoints for tunnels of various encapsulation types, including DVMRP [DVMRP], GRE [GRE], and IPv6 [IPV6]. This memo is a product of the Routing Policy System Working Group (RPS) in the Operational Requirements area of the Internet Engineering Task Force. Submit comments to or the author.

The objective of the QUEST project is to push the fabrication of silicon based devices below the 20 nm limit using SPM-based (scanning probe microscopy) lithography in order to: - take advantage of the Coulomb blockade effect in an innovative architecture of single electron m...

Scientists at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge have used light to help push electrons through a classically impenetrable barrier. While quantum tunnelling is at the heart of the peculiar wave

Hello CommunityIs this procedure https://documentation.commvault.com/commvault/v11/article?p=129268.htm equivalent to using a network topology (network gateway for instance so that the traffic is tunneled through a single port 8403) and enabling the checkbox “encrypt network traffic” on the network...

The authors have fabricated a tunnel diode comprising a two-dimensional electron gas channel formed at an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction by molecular beam epitaxy and nanometre-scale oxides locally generated using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The AFM-generated oxide lines have been adopted as integral parts of the device, for the first time serving as effective tunnel barriers for single electron transport.