LIFE DESTORyNET/DESTROYER OF (You)!

LIFE DESTORyNET/DESTROYER OF (You)!

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2-Minute Neuroscience: Phototransduction - YouTube
2-Minute Neuroscience: Phototransduction - YouTube
Phototransduction is the process that occurs in the retina where light is converted into electrical signals that can be understood by the rest of the nervous system. In this video, I explain the mechanism underlying phototransduction in rod photoreceptor cells. This process is a little complicated; I'd suggest at least having a good understanding of membrane potential before you try to grasp phototransduction. You can learn more about membrane potential in this video: https://youtu.be/tIzF2tWy6KI TRANSCRIPT: Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss phototransduction. Phototransduction is the process that occurs in the retina where light is converted into electrical signals that can be understood by the nervous system. It primarily takes place in photoreceptor cells, of which there are two main types: rods and cones. I will discuss phototransduction in rods, although the process is similar in cones. In the dark, positively charged sodium ions flow into rod cells through ion channels that are activated by a substance called cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or cGMP. This influx of positively charged ions causes cells to remain in a depolarized state, leading to the continuous release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Inside the rod cell there is a substance called rhodopsin, which is made up of a protein called opsin and a molecule called retinal, which is capable of absorbing light. When retinal absorbs light, its configuration changes, an event that prompts opsin to activate a protein called transducin. Transducin activates a type of enzyme known as a phosphodiesterase, which begins breaking down cGMP. As cGMP levels fall, the ion channels that are opened by cGMP begin to close. Thus, less sodium enters the cell and the cell becomes hyperpolarized due to potassium ions that regularly leave the cell. Consequently, glutamate release decreases. Strangely enough, this decrease in neurotransmitter release acts as a signal that a light stimulus is present. The rod cell returns to its normal state quickly when activated rhodopsin is inactivated, and a protein called arrestin subsequently binds to it. Arrestin blocks the ability of rhodopsin to activate transducin, which makes the cascade unable to continue. A complex process then restores retinal to its original configuration, making it ready to absorb light once again. References: Meister M, Tessier-Lavigne M. Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ, eds. Principles of Neural Science. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2013. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick P, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, Mooney RD, Platt ML, White LE, eds. Neuroscience. 6th ed. New York: Sinauer Associates; 2018.
·youtube.com·
2-Minute Neuroscience: Phototransduction - YouTube
Phototransduction Motifs and Variations: Cell
Phototransduction Motifs and Variations: Cell
Seeing begins in the photoreceptors, where light is absorbed and signaled to the nervous system. Throughout the animal kingdom, photoreceptors are diverse in design and purpose. Nonetheless, phototransduction—the mechanism by which absorbed photons are converted into an electrical response—is highly conserved and based almost exclusively on a single class of photoproteins, the opsins. In this Review, we survey the G protein-coupled signaling cascades downstream from opsins in photoreceptors across vertebrate and invertebrate species, noting their similarities as well as differences.
·cell.com·
Phototransduction Motifs and Variations: Cell
El Manicomio Map - Venezuela - Mapcarta
El Manicomio Map - Venezuela - Mapcarta
El Manicomio is a suburb in Venezuela. El Manicomio is situated nearby to Lídice. El Manicomio from Mapcarta, the open map.
·mapcarta.com·
El Manicomio Map - Venezuela - Mapcarta
El Manicomio (former) Remodeling - San Juan PR - Living New Deal
El Manicomio (former) Remodeling - San Juan PR - Living New Deal
Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration work relief division efforts included “the remodeling of the old ‘Manicomio'” in San Juan, in 1937, “to render it available for the motorized transport of the Sixty-Fifth United States Infantry.” The facility now houses Escuela de... read more
·livingnewdeal.org·
El Manicomio (former) Remodeling - San Juan PR - Living New Deal
Phototransduction and the Evolution of Photoreceptors: Current Biology
Phototransduction and the Evolution of Photoreceptors: Current Biology
Photoreceptors in metazoans can be grouped into two classes, with their photoreceptive membrane derived either from cilia or microvilli. Both classes use some form of the visual pigment protein opsin, which together with 11-cis retinaldehyde absorbs light and activates a G-protein cascade, resulting in the opening or closing of ion channels. Considerable attention has recently been given to the molecular evolution of the opsins and other photoreceptor proteins; much is also known about transduction in the various photoreceptor types.
·cell.com·
Phototransduction and the Evolution of Photoreceptors: Current Biology
Molecular Physiology and Pathology of the Retina | Ento Key
Molecular Physiology and Pathology of the Retina | Ento Key
Molecular Physiology and Pathology of the Retina Stephen H. Tsang Peter Gouras We have made great progress over the past decade in understanding both the mechanism of phototransduction and the neur…
·entokey.com·
Molecular Physiology and Pathology of the Retina | Ento Key
From manicomial logic to territorial logic: Impasses and challenges of psychosocial care - PubMed
From manicomial logic to territorial logic: Impasses and challenges of psychosocial care - PubMed
The present study describes Psychosocial Care as a new paradigm currently operating within the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, emphasising one of its key elements: the provision of mental care within a network and a territory. To this end, the social and cultural diversity of each territory is taken a …
·pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov·
From manicomial logic to territorial logic: Impasses and challenges of psychosocial care - PubMed
Special Senses The Phototransduction Cascade - YTread
Special Senses The Phototransduction Cascade - YTread
Special Senses The Phototransduction Cascade Im in generics in this video were going to talk about specifically the phototransduction cascade so were
·youtuberead.com·
Special Senses The Phototransduction Cascade - YTread
SciELO - Brazil - Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental? Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental?
SciELO - Brazil - Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental? Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental?
Da desrazão ao doente mental e ao portador de transtorno mental, embora se operem deslocamentos...
·scielo.br·
SciELO - Brazil - Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental? Do modelo asilar-manicomial ao modelo de reabilitação psicossocial: haverá um lugar para o psicanalista em Saúde Mental?