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'''==Welcome To Q Research General==''''''We are researchers who deal in open-source information, reasoned argument, and dank memes. We do battle in the sphere of ideas and ideas only. We neither need nor condone the use of force in our work here.'''''"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." ''==VINCIT OMNIA VERITAS | SEMPER FIDELIS | WWG1WGA====Q's Private Board==>>>/projectdcomms/ & '''Q's Trip-code:''' Q !!Hs1Jq13jV6==Q's Latest Posts=='''Tuesday 12.08.2020'''>>11953143 ————————————–——– We're Not Gonna Take It (CAP: >>11953295)

te, and as anxiety disorders are common in PD, it is possible that the central mechanisms regulating emotional and cataleptic states interplay. Previously, we showed that haloperidol impaired contextual-induced alarm calls in rats, without affecting footshock-evoked calls. Here, we evaluated the influence of distinct aversive stimulations on the haloperidol-induced catalepsy. First, male Wistar rats were subjected to catalepsy tests to establish a baseline state after haloperidol or saline administration. Next, distinct cohorts were exposed to open-field; elevated plus-maze; open-arm confinement; inescapable footshocks; contextual conditioned fear; or corticosterone administration. Subsequently, catalepsy tests were performed again. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was verified in all drug-treated animals. Exposure to open-field, elevated plus-maze, open-arm confinement, footshocks, or administration of corticosterone had no significant effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Contextual conditioned fear, which is supposed to promote a more intense fear, increased catalepsy over time. Our findings suggest that only specific defensive circuitries modulate the nigrostriatal system mediating the haloperidol-induced cataleptic state....

Molecular Psychiatry - Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. It affects the locomotor system, leading to a final severe disability through degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Despite several therapeutic approaches used, no treatment has been proven to be effective; however, cell therapy may be a promising therapeutic method. In addition, the use of the intranasal (IN) route has been advocated for delivering various therapies to the brain. In the present study, the IN route was used for administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a mouse model of PD, with the aim to evaluate IN delivery as an alternative route for cell based therapy administration in PD. The PD model was developed in C57BL/6 mice using intraperitoneal rotenone administration for 60 consecutive days. MSCs were isolated from the mononuclear cell fraction of pooled bone marrow from C57BL/6 mice and incubated with micrometer‑sized iron oxide (MPIO) particles. For IN administration, we used a 20 µl of 5x105 cell suspension. Neurobehavioral assessment of the mice was performed, and after sacrifice, brain sections were stained with Prussian blue to detect the MPIO‑labeled MSCs. In addition, immunohistochemical evaluation was conducted to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies in the corpus striatum and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The neurobehavioral assessment revealed progressive deterioration in the locomotor functions of the rotenone group, which was improved following MSC administration. Histopathological evaluation of brain sections in the rotenone+MSC group revealed successful delivery of MSCs, evidenced by positive Prussian blue staining. Furthermore, rotenone treatment led to significant decrease in dopaminergic neuron number in SNpc, as well as similar decrease in the corpus striatum fiber density. By contrast, in animals receiving IN administration of MSCs, the degeneration caused by rotenone treatment was significantly counteracted. In conclusion, the present study validated that IN delivery of MSCs may be a potential safe, easy and cheap alternative route for stem cell treatment in neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurons in the primate striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta change their firing patterns during sensory-motor learning. To study the consequences of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion for learning and memory of motor sequences, we used a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to deplete dopamine unilaterally in the striatum of macaque monkeys either before or after training them on sequential push-button motor tasks. We compared the monkeys’ performance with the arms ipsilateral and contralateral to dopamine depletion. During training and retraining on the tasks, we measured initial and serial movement times and reaction times for the push button movements, electromyographic patterns of arm and orofacial muscle activity during button pushing and reward licking, and saccadic eye movements during the button push sequences. With the arm ipsilateral to the side of dopamine depletion, each monkey showed progressive shortening of movement times and initial and serial reaction times, and each developed consistent strategies of hand-orofacial and hand-eye coordination in which single button push movements were linked efficiently to succeeding movements so that performance of the whole sequence became predictive. These patterns did not develop for contralateral arm performance in this monkey treated with MPTP before training. With the arm contralateral to dopamine depletion, the monkey showed significant quantitative deficits in all parameters measured except initial reaction times. Movement times and serial reaction times were longer than those for the ipsilateral arm; anticipatory saccadic eye movements were not well time-locked to individual button pushes made with the contralateral hand; and push and licking movements were not smoothly coordinated. This monkey further showed striking differences in performance when using the ipsilateral and contralateral arms in switch trial tests in which reward was delivered unexpectedly one button early. He continued to make movements to the previously rewarded button with the ipsilateral arm but showed no such automatic movements when he used his contralateral arm. For the monkey treated with MPTP after training, performance on the push-button task was skilled for both arms before dopamine depletion, but the unilateral dopamine depletion produced deficits in contralateral arm performance for all parameters measured, again excepting initial reaction times. With retraining, however, his performance with the contralateral arm improved. We conclude that the striatum and its nigrostriatal afferents function in the initial learning underlying performance of sequences of movements as single motor programs. The nigrostriatal system also operates during the retrieval of these programs once learning is accomplished, but lesions of the nigrostriatal system spare the ability to relearn the previously acquired programs.

BackgroundMany previous clinical studies have demonstrated that the nigrostriatal pathway, which plays a vital role in movement adjustment, is significantly impaired after stroke, according to medica

Dysfunction of the nigrostriatal dopamine system results in marked disorders of movement such as occur in Parkinson's disease. Functions of this dopamine-containing projection system were examined in monkeys trained in a classical conditioning ...

OBJECTIVE Artificial manipulation of animal movement could offer interesting advantages and potential applications using the animal’s inherited superior sensation and mobility. Although several behavior control models have been introduced, they generally epitomize virtual reward-based training models. In this model, rats are trained multiple times so they can recall the relationship between cues and rewards. It is well known that activation of one side of the nigrostriatal pathway (NSP) in the rat induces immediate turning toward the contralateral side. However, this NSP stimulation–induced directional movement has not been used for the purpose of animal-robot navigation. In this study, the authors aimed to electrically stimulate the NSP of conscious rats to build a command-prompt rat robot. METHODS Repetitive NSP stimulation at 1-second intervals was applied via implanted electrodes to induce immediate contraversive turning movements in 7 rats in open field tests in the absence of any sensory cues or rewards. The rats were manipulated to navigate from the start arm to a target zone in either the left or right arm of a T-maze. A leftward trial was followed by a rightward trial, and each rat completed a total of 10 trials. In the control group, 7 rats were tested in the same way without NSP stimulation. The time taken to navigate the maze was compared between experimental and control groups. RESULTS All rats in the experimental group successfully reached the target area for all 70 trials in a short period of time with a short interstimulus interval (< 0.7 seconds), but only 41% of rats in the control group reached the target area and required a longer period of time to do so. The experimental group made correct directional turning movements at the intersection zone of the T-maze, taking significantly less time than the control group. No significant difference in navigation duration for the forward movements on the start and goal arms was observed between the two groups. However, the experimental group showed quick and accurate movement at the intersection zone, which made the difference in the success rate and elapsed time of tasks. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study clearly indicate that a rat-robot model based on NSP stimulation can be a practical alternative to previously reported models controlled by virtual sensory cues and rewards.

Objective: To assess the incidence of a hyperechogenic substantia nigra (SN) by transcranial sonography (TCS) in healthy people and to evaluate whether an enlarged hyperechogenic SN area is associated with functional impairment of the nigrostriatal system. Background and Methods: Until now, preclinical impairment of the nigrostriatal system could be identified only by functional neuroimaging techniques such as PET in selected groups of patients. TCS is a new, noninvasive ultrasound technique that has demonstrated an increased echogenicity of the SN in patients with PD, whereas in most healthy individuals, the SN is either barely detectable or undetectable by TCS. Results: Of 330 healthy volunteers, 8.6% exhibited an increased echogenicity of the SN. From these, 10 clinically healthy individuals with distinct unilateral or bilateral hyperechogenic signals in the SN region (SN area above 0.25 cm2) underwent comprehensive motor testing, neuropsychological assessment, MRI, and [18F]-dopa PET examination. With regard to motor functions, these individuals did not differ from 10 age- and sex-matched controls with a low echogenic SN and an area of echogenic signals below 0.2 cm2. Enlargement of hyperechogenic areas in the 10 healthy individuals was associated with a marked decrease in the accumulation of [18F]-dopa in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Conclusions: Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity appears to indicate a functional impairment of the nigrostriatal system. Transcranial sonography may be a suitable method of identifying persons at risk of nigrostriatal alterations, making possible the introduction of early neuroprotective therapy.