Constraints in the Livestock Value Chains in Africa; The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation Uganda| 18 June 2014 • Yona Baguma, PhD • Acting Deputy Dir…

Climate change, water, and land management affect the terrestrial water cycle and river flow. They do so through changes in precipitation and evaporation, aside from a multitude of other land surface processes. Earth system models are routinely used to simulate and detect globally observed changes and attribute these changes to climate change. Attribution is based on an assessment of the consistency or inconsistency of change signatures by including or excluding hypothesized drivers of change in process-based models ([ 1 ][1]). On page 1159 of this issue, Gudmundsson et al. ([ 2 ][2]) compare the consistency that globally observed trend-patterns in mean river flow and hydrological extremes exhibit with regard to a set of model simulations. Gudmundsson et al. conclude, on the basis of the ESM output, that the simulated effects of water and land management cannot reproduce the observed change pattern in river flow. Rather, the modeled changes in river flow are only consistent with the observed changes in climatic variables if historical radiative forcing that accounts for climate change is used. This finding is distinct and important, although Gudmundsson et al. 's attribution of changing river flow patterns to anthropogenic climate change is made by a simple quantitative line of arguments. For instance, if the model is driven by observational atmospheric forcing and it reproduces the observed global change pattern, the authors concluded that the observed trends are related to changes in the radiative forcing. If the observed changes are only consistent with model output driven with historical atmospheric forcing, then these trends are attributed to that driver. Although the attribution statement in Gudmundsson et al. is logical and likely in terms of process understanding of climate dynamics, technically that evidence is still circumstantial. Indeed, different causal pathways could still lead to a similar outcome, that is, the same trend observed in the data could have emerged from a different process, even though not accounted for in the models. Additionally, owing to the presence of internal variability, such attribution will always have some degree of uncertainty (even with complete consistency between models and data) ([ 1 ][1]). To improve the explanatory power of such important studies and to generate more confidence in such attribution statements, we need to move beyond these first-order assessments that involve simple proof of consistency and inconsistency when investigating the effects of climatic change. The key for a more robust way to elicit the most likely driving mechanisms resides in characterizing the information transfer between potential drivers and the process of interest (e.g., between climatic change and river flows). Those providing strongest information transfer can be attributed as dominant drivers. Additionally, these information transfer metrics are probabilistic, hence internal variability and uncertainties are natively incorporated. This strengthens the process of attribution and makes it more realistic and reliable. To achieve robust attribution, several measures of information transfer are already used elsewhere, including transfer entropy ([ 3 ][3]), traditional Bayesian approaches ([ 4 ][4]), and network connectivity metrics with time directionality ([ 5 ][5], [ 6 ][6]). Attribution procedures by information transfer and Bayesian approaches are traditionally perceived as indicators of causality. However, they only allow quantifying the ability to infer the state of a process given the knowledge of another. Whether or not there is a cause-effect relation remains elusive, because no physical causation mechanism can be retrieved from these inferential statistics alone. More recently, dynamical system metrics have been proposed with the aim to assess causal codependencies between drivers and processes ([ 7 ][7]) by evaluating whether there is a deterministic link between them (connection in phase space). This brings the added value of dynamic connectivity and allows for seamless integration with modeling approaches. However, even with these more advanced measures, a true cause-effect diagnostic is still elusive because the phase spatial diagnostics are basically correlative. The connected variables can simply be dynamically correlated effects of a common third-party cause. The way forward is therefore to combine information transfer and dynamical system approaches, with fundamental principles and methodological understanding in mind. Such a combined approach allows bridging the best of both worlds while overcoming the respective caveats. This brings us to the emerging pathways of information physics ([ 8 ][8]), reconciling and generalizing statistical, geometric, and mechanistic information metrics ([ 9 ][9]). The use of information physics enables the retrieval of physically consistent information attributes and dependencies in coevolutionary systems such as in hydrology and Earth system dynamics in a changing climate. Information physics can pave the way for bringing physical meaning to inferential metrics, and a dynamic coevolving flexibility to the statistical metrics of information transfer, bringing new pathways for causal discovery and attribution. Exploring such pathways may thus provide further validation to the findings presented by Gudmundsson et al. and might also bring out unknown unknowns to add to the discussion of drivers of change in the hydrological system. This may thus complement any measure of causality that entails the development of multiple working hypotheses based on a thorough process-based understanding to avoid overlooking potential drivers of change that might cause the same signature ([ 10 ][10]). The findings by Gudmundsson et al. allow one to infer that climate change has affected low, mean, and high flows at the global scale. Whether the retrieved drivers are the real causes or just predictors requires further investigation, and the development and application of causal discovery methods grounded on information physics offer encouraging pathways to further that quest for attribution. 1. [↵][11]1. T. F. Stocker et al. 1. N. L. Bindoff et al ., in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013), p. 872. 2. [↵][12]1. L. Gudmundsson et al ., Science 371, 1159 (2021). [OpenUrl][13][Abstract/FREE Full Text][14] 3. [↵][15]1. T. Schreiber , Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 461 (2000). [OpenUrl][16][CrossRef][17][PubMed][18][Web of Science][19] 4. [↵][20]1. N. Najibi et al ., NPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci 2, 19 (2019). [OpenUrl][21] 5. [↵][22]1. J. Runge et al ., Nat. Commun. 6, 8502 (2015). [OpenUrl][23] 6. [↵][24]1. A. E. Goodwell et al ., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 115, E8604 (2018). [OpenUrl][25][Abstract/FREE Full Text][26] 7. [↵][27]1. S. Vannitsem, 2. P. Ekelmans , Earth Syst. Dynam 9, 1063 (2018). [OpenUrl][28] 8. [↵][29]1. R. A. P. Perdigão et al ., Water Resour. Res. 56, e2019WR025270 (2020). [OpenUrl][30] 9. [↵][31]1. R. A. P. Perdigão , Entropy 20, 26 (2018). [OpenUrl][32] 10. [↵][33]1. S. Harrigan, 2. C. Murphy, 3. J. Hall, 4. R. L. Wilby, 5. J. Sweeney , Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 1935 (2014). [OpenUrl][34] Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the Meteoceanics research programs MR-220617 “Mathematical Physics and Predictability of Complex Coevolutionary Systems” and MR-010319 “Synergistic Dynamics of Complex Socio-Natural Systems.” R.A.P.P. also acknowledges the “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” through projects UIDB/00329/2020, UIDP/00329/2020, and UID/EEA/50008/2019. Both authors contributed equally to this work. 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Associate Professor in Applied Hologenomics The Globe InstituteFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen   The University seeks to a

The NTNU University Museum is looking for an energetic and ambitious postdoctoral researcher in computational hologenomics for a period of up to three years, as part of an international project funded by the Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF). The HoloFish project aims to explore the interactive effect of the genome and microbiome on salmon growth and quality.

The social structure of primates has recently been shown to influence the composition of their microbiomes. What is less clear is how primate microbiomes might in turn influence their social behavior, either in general or with particular reference to hominins. Here we use a comparative approach to understand how microbiomes of hominins have, or might have, changed since the last common ancestor (LCA) of chimpanzees and humans, roughly six million years ago. We focus on microbiomes associated with social evolution, namely those hosted or influenced by stomachs, intestines, armpits, and food fermentation. In doing so, we highlight the potential influence of microbiomes in hominin evolution while also offering a series of hypotheses and questions with regard to evolution of human stomach acidity, the factors structuring gut microbiomes, the functional consequences of changes in armpit ecology, and whether Homo erectus was engaged in fermentation. We conclude by briefly considering the possibility that hominin social behavior was influenced by prosocial microbes whose fitness was favored by social interactions among individual hominins.

In this talk our new associate professor Sandra Breum Andersen talks about the research she i planning to carry out along with her research group as a part...

* Author is a student, research assistant, postdoctoral researcher, or maternal-fetal medicine fellow in my laboratory † Author is a student whose dissertation committee I served on bioRχiv Preprin…

The hologenome theory of evolution emphasizes the role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants. The theory posits that the holobiont (host plus all of its symbiont microbiota) is a u...

The discovery in 2018 of superconductivity when two layers of graphene are stacked on top of each other at a “magic angle” has opened a new paradigm for studying electronic phenomena ([ 1 ][1]). Now, a pair of studies, one on page 1133 of this issue by Hao et al. ([ 2 ][2]) and the other by Park et al. ([ 3 ][3]), take the twisting magic trick one step further. More robust and tunable superconductivity was realized in three-layer stacks of graphene arranged at an alternating magic twist angle that is a factor of ![Graphic][4] greater than the magic angle for bilayers. The authors also present evidence that superconductivity in twisted graphene is not caused by the conventional weak-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) electron-pairing mechanism. The mechanism of pairing remains unknown, but the experiments suggest that the electrons form tightly bound pairs at temperatures above those at which superconductivity is macroscopically detected. ![Figure][5] Alternating twists Superconductivity in twisted graphene layers arises from flat-band structures near zero energy. GRAPHIC: C. BICKEL/ SCIENCE Early theoretical work predicted that the moiré superlattice created by stacking two twisted layers of graphene, at a magic angle of ∼1°, creates electronic bands with vanishing bandwidths ([ 4 ][6], [ 5 ][7]). The quenched kinetic energy of electrons occupying such flat bands creates strong interactions and would make magic angle–twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) a spectacular platform for collective phenomena. for sighting new quantum phases ([ 6 ][8]) including unexpected interaction-driven topological insulators ([ 7 ][9]). Although steady progress is being made in understanding TBG, the mechanism and nature of its superconducting phase remains a mystery. It is tempting to think in terms of a simple weak-coupling BCS scenario in which a large density of states of a nearly flat band can enhance superconductivity. However, superconductivity occurs in the presence of strong Coulomb interactions that are comparable with or larger than the bandwidth of TBG in the noninteracting limit ([ 8 ][10]), and other flat-band moiré systems do not show reliable signs of superconductivity, despite exhibiting other strongly correlated behavior. Twisting three-layer graphene was predicted to possess flat bands if it was constructed with a curious alternating magic twist angle ![Graphic][11] greater than that of the bilayer system ([ 9 ][12]). This trilayer differs from the bilayer in several respects. For example, its flat bands coexist with dispersing Dirac bands, and a perpendicular displacement field can be used to tune its band structure (see the figure). The two experimental studies fabricated trilayer near the predicted greater alternating magic angle and explored trilayer properties as a function of carrier density and perpendicular displacement field. The presence of the Dirac bands circumvents the formation of correlated insulating states, which also slightly screens the interaction between electrons in the flat band of the trilayer. However, the interactions within the trilayer flat bands give rise to cascades of transitions at several of the integer filling (ν) of carriers per moiré unit cell of its flat bands, similar to those observed in TBG ([ 10 ][13], [ 11 ][14]). These transitions signal the propensity for flavor (spin or valley isospin) symmetry–breaking, near-integer fillings, including at ν = ±2, from which superconductivity emerges upon doping. The trilayer appears at a superconducting transition temperature ( T c) of 2 K (twice that of the bilayer) system. The cause of this enhancement is unclear, but the moiré superlattice constant is smaller in the trilayer, which would increase the Coulomb-interaction scale at the same electron density Several experimental findings in the magic trilayer signal unconventional superconductivity. The superconducting coherence length is about the same as the interparticle distance, and T c increases almost linearly with doping. The ratio of T c to the Fermi temperature is also large (0.1). The superconducting state appears to be in the strong-coupling regime and likely driven by Bose condensation of tightly bound Cooper pairs and limited by their density. Pairing might occur at temperatures much higher than when the zero-resistance state is detected. Tuning the trilayer's band structure allows experimental determination of the role of enhanced density of states at the van Hove singularity (vHS) of the flat bands in superconductivity. The new studies monitored the Hall conductivity as a function of doping and displacement field. When the vHS is tuned to the chemical potential, T c in the trilayer is suppressed, opposite of what is expected from the simple BCS weak-coupling mechanism. Superconductivity appears to be strongly tied to flavor-polarized states, which are beginning to be understood in the bilayer [for example, ([ 12 ][15])]. Topological excitations of these states may be responsible for the pairing mechanism ([ 13 ][16]), but the breakdown of weak coupling does not mean phonons are not involved. Some calculations show that in a fully flat band, electrons cannot pair on their own ([ 14 ][17]). The presence of superconductivity in bilayer and alternating trilayer systems, and its absence in the other flat band system, suggests the importance of spatial-time C2 z T symmetry for the emergence of superconductivity. The discovery of superconductivity in this trilayer raises the possibility that the stacking of multilayers of graphene respecting certain symmetry at other magic angles will uncover more and hopefully greater- T c twisted superconductors. The theory that predicted the ![Graphic][18] ratio for trilayer also identified a hierarchy of magic angles for multilayers with alternating layers ([ 8 ][10]). The prediction for quadrilayers with alternating magic angle larger than the bilayer by the golden ratio is that they would have flat bands without dispersing Dirac bands because they have an even number of layers (see the figure). An unspoken rule in the hunt for new superconductors attributed to early Bell Lab pioneer Bernd Matthias ([ 15 ][19]) is to “never listen to the theorists.” However, maybe the signs of symmetry and the elegance of special ratios need to be heeded. Finding superconductivity in twisted matter with a prescribed symmetry related by the golden ratio of twist angles would be pure magic. 1. [↵][20]1. Y. Cao et al ., Nature 556, 43 (2018). [OpenUrl][21][CrossRef][22][PubMed][23] 2. [↵][24]1. Z. Hao et al ., Science 371, 1133 (2021). [OpenUrl][25][Abstract/FREE Full Text][26] 3. [↵][27]1. J. M. Park et al ., Nature 590, 249 (2021). [OpenUrl][28] 4. [↵][29]1. R. Bistritzer, 2. A. H. MacDonald , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 12233 (2011). [OpenUrl][30][Abstract/FREE Full Text][31] 5. [↵][32]1. E. Suárez Morell et al ., Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 82, 121407 (2010). [OpenUrl][33][CrossRef][34] 6. [↵][35]1. E. Y. Andrei et al ., Nat. Rev. Mater. 10.1038/s41578-021-00284-1 (2020). 7. [↵][36]1. K. P. Nuckolls et al ., Nature 588, 610 (2020). [OpenUrl][37][CrossRef][38][PubMed][39] 8. [↵][40]1. Y. Xie et al ., Nature 572, 101 (2019). [OpenUrl][41] 9. [↵][42]1. E. Khalaf et al ., Phys. Rev. B 100, 085109 (2019). [OpenUrl][43][CrossRef][44] 10. [↵][45]1. D. Wong et al ., Nature 582, 198 (2020). [OpenUrl][46][CrossRef][47][PubMed][48] 11. [↵][49]1. U. Zondiner et al ., Nature 582, 203 (2020). [OpenUrl][50][CrossRef][51][PubMed][52] 12. [↵][53]1. B. Lian et al ., arXiv:1811.11786 [cond-mat.str-el] (2020). 13. [↵][54]1. E. Khalaf et al ., arXiv:2004.00638 [cond-mat.str-el] (2020). 14. [↵][55]1. B. A. Bernevig et al ., arXiv:2009.14200 [cond-mat.str-el] (2020). 15. [↵][56]1. T. H. Geballe, 2. J. K. Hulm , in Biographical Memoirs (National Academies Press, 1996), vol. 70, pp. 240–259. [OpenUrl][57] Acknowledgments: I acknowledge discussions with X. Li and funding from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. 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[Following is an excerpt of a comprehensive discussion with NC State scientists and other subject-matter experts conducted by NC State Applied Ecology Professor Rob Dunn. We highly recommend you read the full article from NC State News.] Many words have been written (or at least typed) about coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Yet, for as ...

Coral reefs are sustained by symbioses between corals and symbiodiniacean dinoflagellates. These symbioses vary in the extent of their permanence in a…

Octocorals are one of the most ubiquitous benthic organisms in marine ecosystems from the shallow tropics to the Antarctic deep sea, providing habitat for numerous organisms as well as ecosystem services for humans. In contrast to the holobionts of reef-building scleractinian corals, the holobionts of octocorals have received relatively little attention, despite the devastating effects of disease outbreaks on many populations. Recent advances have shown that octocorals possess remarkably stable bacterial communities on geographical and temporal scales as well as under environmental stress. This may be the result of their high capacity to regulate their microbiome through the production of antimicrobial and quorum-sensing interfering compounds. Despite decades of research relating to octocoral-microbe interactions, a synthesis of this expanding field has not been conducted to date. We therefore provide an urgently needed review on our current knowledge about octocoral holobionts. Specifically, we briefly introduce the ecological role of octocorals and the concept of holobiont before providing detailed overviews of (I) the symbiosis between octocorals and the algal symbiont Symbiodinium; (II) the main fungal, viral, and bacterial taxa associated with octocorals; (III) the dominance of the microbial assemblages by a few microbial species, the stability of these associations, and their evolutionary history with the host organism; (IV) octocoral diseases; (V) how octocorals use their immune system to fight pathogens; (VI) microbiome regulation by the octocoral and its associated microbes; and (VII) the discovery of natural products with microbiome regulatory activities. Finally, we present our perspectives on how the field of octocoral research should move forward, and the recognition that these organisms may be suitable model organisms to study coral-microbe symbioses.

Once upon a time, lions were the world’s most widespread mammals. Now we know more about their genealogy – and that could make it easier to help the s....

Content filed under the Food category. | Page 2

The NTNU University Museum is seeking a highly qualified, ambitious and motivated candidate for a PhD-position “Hologenomics of Pleistocene reindeer macroevolution”.

Collaborations of Elisabetta Cilli. Adjunct professor at Department of Cultural Heritage — DBC

The hologenome concept of evolution is a hypothesis explaining host evolution in the context of the host microbiomes. As a hypothesis, it needs to be evaluated, especially with respect to the extent of fidelity of transgenerational coassociation of host and microbial lineages and the relative fitness consequences of repeated associations within natural holobiont populations. Behavioral ecologists are in a prime position to test these predictions because they typically focus on animal phenotypes that are quantifiable, conduct studies over multiple generations within natural animal populations, and collect metadata on genetic relatedness and relative reproductive success within these populations. Regardless of the conclusion on the hologenome concept as an evolutionary hypothesis, a hologenomic perspective has applied value as a systems-level framework for host biology, including in medicine. Specifically, it emphasizes investigating the multivarious and dynamic interactions between patient genomes and the genomes of their diverse microbiota when attempting to elucidate etiologies of complex, noninfectious diseases.

1 Root symbionts (rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizae) are often assumed to increase agricultural productivity consistently. However, rhizobial and mycorrhizal strains vary in effectiveness, resul...

Danmarks Grundforskningsfond er klar til at bevilge 67,7 millioner til oprettelsen af et nyt grundforskningscenter ved Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Det nye center vil fokusere på samspillet mellem mikrober og genomet og vil være en del af Globe Institute.

Biophilia, a term coined by legendary biologist E.O. Wilson, is described as humans’ innate urge to seek a connection with nature. “Love Nature: The Biophilia Podcast” explores this relationship, with an eye toward science as a way to understand and navigate a changing world, and to allow us to live better and more responsibly on the planet. Join co-hosts Dr. Eric Dorfman, Director and CEO of the NC Museum of Natural Sciences and Chief Veterinarian Dr. Dan Dombrowski along with their featured guests as they explore our innate connections to nature through science, art and life. Listen today.

The University of Copenhagen is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark. Founded in 1479 as a studium generale, it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University.