An approach that has gained widespread application in the treatment of substance abuse is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Its origins are in behavioral theory, focusing on both classical conditioning and operant learning; cognitive social learning theory, from which are taken ideas concerning observational learning, the influence of modeling, and the role of cognitive expectancies in determining behavior; and cognitive theory and therapy, which focus on the thoughts, cognitive schema, beliefs, attitudes, and attributions that influence one's feelings and mediate the relationship between antecedents and behavior. Although there are a number of similarities across these three seminal perspectives (see Carroll, 1998), each has contributed unique ideas consistent with its theoretical underpinnings. However, in most substance abuse treatment settings, the prominent features of these three theoretical approaches are merged into a cognitive-behavioral model.

Branch (The Behavior Therapist 10, 79–84, 1987) and others have expressed interest in extending the behavior analytic framework into the realm of beha…

Cognitive behavioral therapy reduces recidivism in both juveniles and adults. The therapy assumes that most people can become conscious of their own thoughts and behaviors and then make positive changes to them. This page gives CBT resources for correctional facilities.

Cognitive Behavioral Interventions (CBI) is an evidence-based treatment which helps Incarcerated individuals understand the thoughts and feelings which influenc

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Information about Methamphetamine including basics, effects, dosage, history, legal status, photos, research, media coverage, and links to other resources.

Human cognitive abilities naturally vary along a spectrum, even among those we call "neurotypical". Individuals differ in their ability to selectively attend to goal-relevant auditory stimuli. We sought to characterize this variability in a cohort of people with diverse attentional functioning. We r …

ADHD-related symptoms are common in schizophrenia. Many patients will be troubled by cognitive disturbances such as attention deficit and concentration difficulties. The treatment for these patients is often difficult, as ADHD medicine and antipsychotics have opposed effects on synaptic dopamine con …

Clinicians should be aware that methylphenidate used in ADHD causes dose-dependent enuresis.

In a double-blind randomised controlled trial by Asherson et al., involving prisoners with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the rates of response to osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-methylphenidate) and placebo were very similar (~50%). I critically discuss this tria …

Although a growing number of studies have sought to understand what motivates the initiation of prescription stimulant misuse and diversion among college students, there has been a lack of studies focused on what motivates behavior cessation. We aimed to explore what motivates prescription stimulant …

These cases suggest that a moderately reduced serum level of free testosterone may contribute to the ADHD symptoms of some adult male ADHD patients, and that testosterone treatment may be of value for these patients.

ADHD is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. The first-line therapeutic for ADHD, methylphenidate, can cause serious side effects including weight loss, insomnia, and hypertension. Therefore, the development of non-stimulant-based therapeutics has been prioritized. However, many of these …

The aim of this open study was to delineate domains of benefit and effect size measures to design an appropriately powered randomized control trial to assess the efficacy of Brain Balance@ exercises and Interactive Metronome@ training (BB/IM) on ADHD symptoms in children. Parti …

Addiction to psychostimulants significantly affects public health. Standard medical therapy is often not curative. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment that has attracted much attention for addiction treatment in recent years. The present review aimed to systematically identify the …

These results indicate that co-use of amphetamines with fentanyl may worsen respiratory depression, but conversely, monoaminergic components of the amphetamines may possibly be exploited to mitigate fentanyl overdose.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and impairing mental disorder. Individuals with ADHD typically experience symptoms from awakening throughout the entire day, contributing to impaired function at home, at school, and in the workplace. Treatment is available to address the s …

These findings propose that methylphenidate-induced metabolite changes in the fronto-cerebellar circuit could be associated with improvement in cognitive/behavioral characteristics in ADHD. Also, results highlighted cerebellar engagement in ADHD pathophysiology.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) who use stimulants are at increased risk for HIV infection. Adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces the risk of HIV infection. We evaluated the efficacy of the individualized Texting for Adherence Building (iTAB) intervention for PrEP a …

Nitric oxide (NO) participates in processes such as endothelium-dependent vasodilation and neurotransmission/neuromodulation. The role of NO in epilepsy is controversial, attributing it to anticonvulsant but also proconvulsant properties. Clarification of this dual effect of NO might lead to the dev …

Two-fifths of adults with intellectual disability were prescribed psychotropic medications. Antipsychotics and antidepressants were used by one-third and one-seventh of adults, respectively. There was considerable variability between studies, and further investigation is required to determine the so …

Caring for Hospitalized Adults with Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Proposed Clinical Roadmap

Expectancy has been associated with neuropsychological assessments and cognitive performance. However, little is known about the effects of expectations in clinical assessments during drug trials with continuous performance tests (CPTs). In a randomized, double-blind study with cross-over design, we …

Transdermal dextroamphetamine (Xelstrym) for ADHD

Background: In recent years, amphetamine-type-stimulants (ATS) have been extensively misused in South-East Asia, inducing major problems among methadone-maintenance-treatment (MMT) patients.Objective: We examine ATS-misuse prevalence and its determinants among MMT patients in East-Coas …

ADHD frequently co-occurs with substance use disorder (SUD) and is also common in prison populations. Screening and structured diagnosis should therefore be made available to treatment seeking SUD patients as well as to prison inmates. Multimodal, integrated treatment, including appropriate pharmaco …

It is well known that patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulants, such as methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), have reduced height and weight. Even though MPH has an anorexigenic effect, an additional impact of this drug on the growth plate cannot be discarded. In …

Women with methamphetamine use disorder receiving combined intramuscular naltrexone and oral bupropion treatment achieve greater treatment response than placebo. Treatment effect does not differ by HMC.

This narrative review provides evidence that pharmacological treatment can be effective in minimizing not only the symptoms of ADHD, but its functional consequences as well.