What is the aim of the DASH (2009) Risk Identification and Assessment Model? save and change lives through early identification, intervention and prevention identify risk and needs ensure an effective investigation create a common language across agencies to refer a case to risk management meetings such as MARAC enable information sharing inform decision making Who… Read more
Opiate Addiction Therapies and HIV-1 Tat: Interactive Effect
Few preclinical studies have compared the relative therapeutic efficacy of medications used to treat opiate addiction in relation to neuroAIDS. Here we compare
Chronic distress and the vulnerable host: a new target for HIV treatme | NBHIV
Chronic distress and the vulnerable host: a new target for HIV treatment and prevention? Carlo Contoreggi,1 George P Chrousos,2 Michele Di Mascio3 1Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Department of Pediatrics, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; 3AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA Abstract: Pathologic stress (distress) disturbs immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral homeostasis. Individuals living with HIV and those at risk are vulnerable to stress disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is critical in neuroendocrine immune regulation. CRH, a neuropeptide, is distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts principally on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1). CRH in the brain modulates neuropsychiatric disorders. CRH and stress modulation of immunity is two-pronged; there is a direct action on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids and through immune organ sympathetic innervation. CRH is a central and systemic proinflammatory cytokine. Glucocorticoids and their receptors have gene regulatory actions on viral replication and cause central and systemic immune suppression. CRH and stress activation contributes to central nervous system (CNS) viral entry important in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-associated dementia. CNS CRH overproduction short-circuits reward, executive, and emotional control, leading to addiction, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric comorbidity. CRHR1 is an important therapeutic target for medication development. CRHR1 antagonist clinical trials have focused on psychiatric disorders with little attention paid to neuroendocrine immune disorders. Studies of those with HIV and those at risk show that concurrent stress-related disorders contribute to higher morbidity and mortality; stress-related conditions, addiction, immune dysfunction, and comorbid psychiatric illness all increase HIV transmission. Neuropsychiatric disease, chronic inflammation, and substance abuse are endemic, and chronic distress is a pathologic factor. It is being understood that stress and CRH are fundamental to neuroendocrine immunity; therapeutic interventions with existing and novel agents hold promise for restoring homeostasis, reducing morbidity and mortality for those with HIV and possibly reducing future disease transmission. Keywords: corticotropin-releasing hormone, stress, neuroendocrine immunology, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal, cytokine, glucocorticoid resistance
The state of application security: What the statistics tell us | CSO Online
Companies are moving toward a DevSecOps approach to application development, but problems remain with security testing ownership and open-source code vulnerabilities.
Chef Software's DevOps automation tools enable the coded enterprise to overcome complexity with infrastructure, security and application automation for your technology.
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