2 Categories of Prompts Response and Stimulus A prompt MUST come between the SD and behavior. It has to work to be considered a prompt.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of teaching with graduated guidance on teaching the playing backgammon skill, which is one of the leisure skills, to children with "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)". Three children with ASD participated in this research. A multiple probe design across the participants was used in order to examine the effectiveness graduated guidance on teaching playing backgammon skill. The research was conducted by using. The dependent variable of this research is the level of acquiring playing backgammon skill. Additionally, the independent variable of this research is graduated guidance. According to the findings of this study, graduated guidance was effective on teaching playing backgammon skill, which is one of the leisure skills. In other words, result of this study revealed that graduated guidance was effective on teaching backgammon playing skill to children with ASD. In addition, it was determined that after finished

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Nurgul Akmanoglu, Mehmet Yanardag, E. Sema Batu, Comparing Video Modeling and Graduated Guidance together and Video Modeling alone for Teaching Role Playing Skills to Children with Autism, Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 49, No. 1 (March 2014), pp. 17-31

Findings demonstrate family caregiver acceptability of the proposed system, the successful interoperability of the built system's components, and the system's ability to interpret correct and incorrect dressing actions in controlled laboratory simulations. Future research will advance the system to …

Studies concerning the functional analysis of severe problem behaviors have suggested that it is important to identify the different categories of stimuli that control problem behavior because each has unique treatment implications. The present study explored the differential effects of adult attent …

The present study used a self-management treatment package to teach 3 children with autism, who exhibited inappropriate play behaviors, to play appropriately in the absence of a treatment provider. After self-management training, generalization and maintenance of the behavior change were assessed. B …

Three adolescent boys with autism were taught to offer assistance to a person stating inability to complete a task. The study used a multiple baseline across the 3 youths and a multiple baseline across three tasks for each student. Both designs provided clear support for the ability of the youths to …

A multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of video modeling with embedded instructions on training teachers to implement 3 preference assessments. Each assessment was conducted with a confederate learner or a child with autism during generalization probes. All t …

The effects of self-monitoring on generalization and maintenance of social skills were investigated. Participants were one female and two male adults with mild mental retardation. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design with five phases was employed. After an initial baseline condition, the subje …

Three young autistic adults were trained to purchase items. Training was conducted in one setting with concurrent generalization probes taken in three community stores. Training in one setting failed to produce generalization to the three probe settings. Generalization training, which consisted of v …

A training program was implemented to modify a mother's behavior management skills to improve compliance in her 4-year-old child who suffered from severe developmental and physical disabilities. A multiple baseline analysis indicated that behavioral intervention was effective in training the mother …

Six mentally retarded adults, equally divided into two treatment groups, were provided with individualized social skills training programs. Treatment, evaluated via a multiple-baseline design strategy, was sequentially and cumulatively applied across target behaviors over a four-week intervention pe …

Assistive device training in rehabilitation centers consists largely of simulated sessions in the occupational therapy clinic, and patients in the study described the instruction they received as "satisfactory." More research is needed to study the long-term effectiveness of assistive device trainin …

Differential reinforcement and imitation were used with two retarded children to train three sequential verbal responses associated with the display of a picture and questions related to that picture. Each response consisted of a three-word chain in sentence form; combined with verbal responses from …

We conducted two field studies using a behavioral consultation approach to reduce children's problem behaviors in public school settings. The first study consisted of a descriptive analysis in which the students and their teachers were observed during naturally occurring classroom activities. The re …

Task interspersal procedures have been quite effective in increasing autistic children's motivation to learn. These procedures have typically demonstrated that the inclusion of reinforced maintenance tasks (previously learned tasks) increases responding to new acquisition tasks because more reinforc …

Assistive robots have the potential to support people with disabilities in a variety of activities of daily living, such as dressing. People who have completely lost their upper limb movement functionality may benefit from robot-assisted dressing, which involves complex deformable garment manipulati …

The research was designed to validate procedures to teach apartment upkeep skills to severely handicapped clients with various categorical disabilities. Methodological features of this research included performance comparisons between general and specific task analyses, effect of an impasse correcti …

All patients admitted to the facility during a 3-year period who required washing and dressing retraining were treated with the same protocol. The consecutive series design prevented researchers from selecting patients who they believed were good treatment candidates; therefore, the findings support …

The present study assessed the effects of gross motor activities on the self-injurious tantrums of three multihandicapped subjects. The tantrums did not seem related to specific environmental events and were rather infrequent, yet very severe. The study was carried out according to a withdrawal (ABA …

This study examined classroom-based instruction in restaurant skills for handicapped persons. Three male students were taught each of four skill components in sequential order: locating, ordering, paying, and eating and exiting. Training was implemented in a multiple baseline design across subjects …

We have created a normative functional independence profile for Chinese children by adapting the American-based WeeFIM. There were cultural differences when compared with American children. Interestingly, Chinese children in Hong Kong scored better than their American counterparts in domain 1 (self- …

In a three-phase study, antecedent conditions involving instructor's task demands and social comments were evaluated for 3 students with severe disabilities who emitted problem behavior. The results of a descriptive analysis (Phase 1) demonstrated that task demands served as antecedents for problem …

Two adolescents with severe disabilities served as participants in a study conducted to train in the use of the public telephone to call home. Participants were trained to complete a 17-step task analysis using a training package which consisted of total task presentation in conjunction with a four- …

Ratings on the acceptability, intrusiveness, restrictiveness, and efficacy of 18 commonly used interventions for decelerating behaviors were obtained from 58 special educators of students with severe handicaps. Results indicated that consensually high and low mean ratings were obtained for restricti …

This multiple baseline study investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral self-management training package on the consistent use of specific classroom survival skills. Participants were three adolescent males with learning disabilities in Grades 7 and 8. The training package involved a m …

There are very few studies that describe programs to train self-feeding skills in young children who are deaf and blind. This research reports two single-case studies on the acquisition of self-feeding in children with developmental disabilities and combined visual and auditory impairments. Study 1 …

An attention-focusing procedure was designed as discrete trials and multiple prompts with contingent social reinforcement to facilitate the acquisition of conversational skills in thought-disordered schizophrenia patients. Three patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia completed a standard …