SIMULATION OPTICS

Triazole fungicides associated with a range of reported male reproductive effects in experimental animals were selected to assess potential toxic modes of action. Wistar Han rats were fed myclobutanil (M: 100, 500, or 2000 ppm), propiconazole (P: 100, 500, or 2500 ppm), or triadimefon (T: 100, 500, …

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of prenatal betamethasone exposure on sexual partner preference, testosterone level, and sexual behavior. Pregnant rats received 0.1 mg/kg of betamethasone or saline on the 12th, 13th, 18th, and 19th days of pregnancy. Parameters in male off …

In EMG recordings of the external anal sphincter there is a brief contraction in response to rapid rectal distension, and a preserved or increased activity during a prolonged substantial rectal distension in healthy adults. In order to determine if this activity develops during childhood 30 healthy …

We have made novel use of two complementary techniques for identifying the sex of pre-adult stalk-eyed flies. These procedures will facilitate studies of the evolution of sexually dimorphic development in a variety of other species. Morphology and En expression in male and female genital discs are h …

Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone are essential for sexually dimorphic behaviors in vertebrates. However, the hormone-activated molecular mechanisms that control the development and function of the underlying neural circuits remain poorly defined. We have identified numerous sexually di …

Sex steroid hormones exert a profound influence on the sexual differentiation and function of the neural circuits that mediate dimorphic behaviors. Both estrogen and testosterone are essential for male typical behaviors in many species. Recent studies with genetically modified mice provide important …

Male and female mice behave differently when encountering a male. A recent study identifies progesterone receptor-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus that are required for sexual behavior and male aggression. These findings provide insight into how neural circuits control sexually dimorphic behav …

Anxiety is a negative emotional state that is overly displayed in anxiety disorders and depression. Although anxiety is known to be controlled by distributed brain networks, key components for its initiation, maintenance and coordination with behavioral state remain poorly understood. Here, we repor …

Animals vocalize only in certain behavioral contexts, but the circuits and synapses through which forebrain neurons trigger or suppress vocalization remain unknown. Here, we used transsynaptic tracing to identify two populations of inhibitory neurons that lie upstream of neurons in the periaqueducta …

Persistent neural activity in cortical, hippocampal, and motor networks has been described as mediating working memory for transiently encountered stimuli1,2. Internal emotional states, such as fear, also persist following exposure to an inciting stimulus3, but it is unclear wh …

Despite extensive characterization of sex differences in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus, we know surprisingly little about whether or how male and female mPOA neurons differ electrophysiologically, especially in terms of neuronal firing and behavioral pattern generation. In this …

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Discover why the Sprague Dawley® rat has been by far the workhorse of reproductive endocrinology research and is traditionally used as the experimental model for the study of contraceptive agents.

Research models and services product guide.

Our speed congenics program, Marker-Assisted Accelerated Backcrossing (MAX-BAX®), can deliver a fully congenic colony in only 15 months.

Envigo's speed congenics services can reduce your breeding plan to as little as five back-cross generations by identifying appropriate breeders that have the desired mutation and the loss of a maximum amount of the background strain from the donor strain.

Strain Detail Sheet for ES Parental cell line E14Tg2a.4