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Peptide identification by tandem mass spectrometry is the dominant proteomics workflow for protein characterization in complex samples. Traditional search engines, which match peptide sequences with tandem mass spectra to identify the samples' proteins, ...

Previous research has shown that emotions differentially influence attention across time, especially when the valence of the attended stimuli is congruent with the emotion of observer. Sadness produces a larger attentional blink while fear and happiness produce smaller attentional blinks. We report …

Aging affects brain circuitry involved in both inhibition and arousal. In this study, we tested whether older adults are more or less prone to distraction from emotionally arousing events than young adults. To do so, we examined how arousing taboo distractor words affected concurrent 1-back task per …

Over the past century, great debate has ensued regarding the fundamental properties of emotions. The idea that 2 properties-valence and arousal-are critical for emotion and psychologically irreducible has had substantial staying power in the literature. In the present report, we examine whether a th …

Recent advances in neural and behavioural pharmacology, and in intracellular recording suggest that arousal during the awake state may be regulated by multiple, interdependent neurotransmitter systems that originate in the brainstem or hypothalamus, and project to subcortical and cortical sites. We …

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent neuronal discharge activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons has long-suggested a role of this system in the induction of an alert waking state. Work over the past two deca …

Emotionally arousing events are typically better attended to and remembered than neutral ones. Current theories propose that arousal-induced increases in norepinephrine during encoding bias attention and memory in favor of affectively salient stimuli. Here, we tested this hypothesis by manipulating …

Unitary concepts of arousal have outlived their usefulness and their psychological fractionation corresponds to a similar chemical differentiation of the reticular formation of the brain. Neurobiological characteristics of the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems can be described in terms of their …

Nicotine increases the output of every major neurotransmitter. In previous studies designed to identify the secondary neurotransmitter systems mediating nicotine's attention-enhancing effects in a rat model, the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol blocked these effects. The present study was desig …

An exploration-exploitation trade-off, the arbitration between sampling a lesser-known against a known rich option, is thought to be solved using computationally demanding exploration algorithms. Given known limitations in human cognitive resources, we hypothesised the presence of additional cheaper …

Vigilant attention is a major component of a wide range of cognitive performance tasks. Vigilant attention is impaired by sleep deprivation and restored after rest breaks and (more enduringly) after sleep. The temporal dynamics of vigilant attention deficits across hours and days are driven by physi …

An array of neuromodulators, including monoamines and neuropeptides, regulate most behavioural and physiological traits. In the past decade, dramatic progress has been made in mapping neuromodulatory circuits, in analysing circuit dynamics, and interrogating circuit function using pharmacogenetic, o …

Arousal plays a central role in a wide variety of phenomena, including wakefulness, autonomic function, affect and emotion. Despite its importance, it remains unclear as to how the neural mechanisms for arousal are organized across them. In this article, we review neuroscience findings for three of …

The human capability to attend has been both considered as easy and as impossible to understand by philosophers and scientists through the centuries. Much has been written by brain, cognitive, and philosophical scientists trying to explain attention as it applies to sensory and reasoning processes, …

During the last few decades, much knowledge has been gained about sleep being a heterogeneous condition with several distinct sleep stages that represent fundamentally different physiological states. The same applies for the wake state which also comprises distinct global functional states (called v …

Instantaneous brain states have consequences for our sensation, perception, and behaviour. Fluctuations in arousal and neural desynchronization likely pose perceptually relevant states. However, their relationship and their relative impact on perception is unclear. We here show that, at the single-t …

The brain contains autochthonous neural systems that evoke waking from sleep in response to sensory stimuli, prolong or enhance arousal in response to special stimuli, and also generate and maintain wakefulness regardless of sensory stimuli during the active part of the day. Through ascending projec …

Several algorithms have been described in the literature for protein identification by searching a sequence database using mass spectrometry data. In some approaches, the experimental data are peptide molecular weights from the digestion of a protein by an enzyme. Other approaches use tandem mass sp …

Determining the peptide sequence of a short peptide is readily achieved using current mass spectroscopy techniques....

Mass spectrometry is supplanting more tradition methods (see above) as the choice to determine the molecular mass and structure of a protein. Its power comes from its exquisite sensitivity and modern …

A method to correlate the uninterpreted tandem mass spectra of peptides produced under low energy (10–50 eV) collision conditions with amino acid sequ…

A method for rapid sequencing of intact proteins simultaneously from the N and C termini (1–2 s) with online chromatography is described and applied to the characterization of histone H3.1 posttranslational modifications and the identification of an additional member of the H2A gene family. Proteins are converted to gas-phase multiply charged positive ions by electrospray ionization and then allowed to react with fluoranthene radical anions. Electron transfer to the multiply charged protein promotes random dissociation of the N—Cα bonds of the protein backbone. Multiply charged fragment ions are then deprotonated in a second ion/ion reaction with the carboxylate anion of benzoic acid. The m / z values for the resulting singly and doubly charged ions are used to read a sequence of 15–40 aa at both the N and C termini of the protein. This information, with the measured mass of the intact protein, is used to search protein or nucleotide databases for possible matches, detect posttranslational modifications, and determine possible splice variants.