WHY WONT THEY LET ME BE THE HERO I ALWAYS WANTED TO BE WITH MY CONSENT AND ACTUAL COOPERATION, RATHER THAN THIS SHIT

Marriages between people who are related is more common than you might think. Unlike what many people think, their offspring are not doomed to birth defects or medical problems. In fact, unless they both…

Sexual reproduction is widespread in nature, but it has many disadvantages over asexual reproduction. Why is sex still here? And what is the cost of sexual reproduction?

Emerging findings suggest that it may be best to tread lightly with drastic diet regimens — especially when it comes to prolonged fasting.

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Answer to: Two parents pass on their genes to offspring in _______. (a) asexual reproduction (b) sexual reproduction (c) mitosis (d) meiosis (e)...

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the negative effects of delayed motherhood on an offspring’s morbidity later in life. However, these hypotheses are not supported by clinical and epidemiological evidence. Because advanced maternal age is associated with increased risk of obstetric complications, the aim of the present study was to ascertain whether the negative effects on offspring of intrauterine exposure to maternal age-related obstetric complications may explain the reported negative effects of delayed motherhood on offspring. To this end, a literature search was performed to identify relevant publications up to March 2016 on PubMed; references cited in relevant articles were also searched. There was a direct correlation between the risks to offspring conferred by intrauterine exposure to at least one of the obstetric complications present at the time of delivery in women aged ≥35 years and the risks to offspring of delayed motherhood. This correlation was not observed when comparing the risks to offspring of delayed motherhood and the risks associated with maternal transmission of defective mitochondria, chromosomal anomalies or DNA double-strand breaks. Most of the effects on offspring of intrauterine exposure to maternal age-related obstetric complications may be induced by epigenetic DNA reprogramming during critical periods of embryo or fetal development. Women wanting to enrol in a fertility preservation program to offset age-related declines in fertility should be informed not only about their chances of pregnancy and the percentage of live births, but also about the risks to themselves and their prospective offspring of delaying motherhood.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to metabolic disturbances is associated with increased risk of offspring neurodevelopmental impairment and autism spectrum disorder, while little is known about the joint effect of maternal obesity and diabetes. With this study, we aim to assess the joint effect of maternal obesity and diabetes on the risk for offspring psychiatric and mild neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS: Nationwide registries were used to link data of all live births in Finland between 2004 and 2014 ( n = 649 043). Cox proportional hazards modeling adjusting for potential confounders was applied to estimate the effect of maternal obesity, pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as their joint effects, on the outcomes of offspring psychiatric and mild neurodevelopmental diagnoses and offspring prescription of psychotropic drugs. RESULTS: Among mothers without diabetes, severely obese mothers had 67% to 88% increased risk of having a child with mild neurodevelopmental disorders (hazard risk ratio [HR] = 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.54–1.86), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or conduct disorder (HR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.58–2.23), and psychotic, mood, and stress-related disorders (HR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.31–2.13) compared with mothers with a normal BMI. PGDM implied a further risk increase for all groups of psychiatric diagnoses with onset in childhood or adolescence in mothers with severe obesity. Marked effects were found particularly for autism spectrum disorder (HR = 6.49; 95% CI = 3.08–13.69), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder (HR = 6.03; 95% CI = 3.23–11.24), and mixed disorders of conduct and emotions (HR = 4.29; 95% CI = 2.14–8.60). Gestational diabetes mellitus did not increase the risk highly for these offspring disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal PGDM combined with severe maternal obesity markedly increases the risk of several children’s psychiatric and mild neurodevelopmental disorders.

Most ectotherms are r-strategists because they rely on external sources of heat. They have the disadvantage of being vulnerable to fluctuations in external temperature, which means that the risk of...

Impact of dysfunctional maternal personality traits on risk of offspring depression, anxiety and self-harm at age 18 years: a population-based longitudinal study - Volume 48 Issue 1

Predator effects on prey demography have traditionally been ascribed solely to direct killing in studies of population ecology and wildlife management. Predators also affect the prey’s perception of predation risk, but this has not been thought to meaningfully affect prey demography. We isolated the effects of perceived predation risk in a free-living population of song sparrows by actively eliminating direct predation and used playbacks of predator calls and sounds to manipulate perceived risk. We found that the perception of predation risk alone reduced the number of offspring produced per year by 40%. Our results suggest that the perception of predation risk is itself powerful enough to affect wildlife population dynamics, and should thus be given greater consideration in vertebrate conservation and management.

There has been growing awareness of the prevalence of chemical and metal exposures to pregnant women. At the same time, there has been increasing concerns about

Continuous decline of semen quality in population over the past decades has attracted global concern. Although the damage factors of traditional environmental pollutants have been intensively investigated, their contributions could only explain a limited proportion of the reproductive damage. On the other hand, in modern society, emerging factors comprising novel environmental exposure (e.g., microplastics, flame retardants, substitute of traditional toxicants and biological contamination such as Covid-19), lifestyles (e.g., social jetlag, light at night, specific nutrients intake), and psychological stresses or disorders (e.g., negative events, anxiety, depression) have not been studied in depth. It is urgent to understand these novel factors in terms of populational spread/burden, impacts on male reproductive health (endocrinal disruption, semen damage, subfecundity and infertility) as well as the underlying mechanisms.This Research Topic aims to provide insight to the contribution of novel environmental, life-style and psychological factors to male reproductive damage and the mechanism.• Impact of the emerging environmental, life-style or psychological factors on male reproductive damage, including its consequential effect to embryo development and offspring health;• Risk prediction based on the emerging (or with traditional) risk factors in population;• Molecular mechanism of the emerging risk factors’ male reproductive toxicity;• Prevention and medication of male repr...

Study of 13,500 babies born in Bradford concludes cultural practice in Pakistani community outweighs effects of deprivation

There wasn't an increased cancer risk among children born to parents who used other types of assisted reproductive technology such as fertility drugs, IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Background Group formation and food sharing in animals may reduce variance in resource supply to breeding individuals. For some species it has thus been interpreted as a mechanism of risk avoidance. However, in many groups reproduction is extremely skewed. In such groups resources are not shared equally among the members and inter-individual variance in resource supply may be extreme. The potential consequences of this aspect of group living have not attained much attention in the context of risk sensitive foraging. Results We develop a model of individually foraging animals that share resources for reproduction. The model allows analyzing how mean foraging success, inter-individual variance of foraging success, and the cost of reproduction and offspring raising influence the benefit of group formation and resource sharing. Our model shows that the effects are diametrically opposed in egalitarian groups versus groups with high reproductive skew. For individuals in egalitarian groups the relative benefit of group formation increases under conditions of increasing variance in foraging success and decreasing cost of reproduction. On the other hand individuals in groups with high skew will profit from group formation under conditions of decreasing variance in individual foraging success and increasing cost of reproduction. Conclusion The model clearly demonstrates that reproductive skew qualitatively changes the influence of food sharing on the reproductive output of groups. It shows that the individual benefits of variance reduction in egalitarian groups and variance enhancement in groups with reproductive skew depend critically on ecological and life-history parameters. Our model of risk-sensitive foraging thus allows comparing animal societies as different as spiders and birds in a single framework.

The phrase “third-party reproduction” refers to involving someone other than the individual or couple that plans to raise the child (intended parent[s]) in the process of reproduction.

Heredity and Reproduction By: Paige Grass, Savannah Shinske, Jack Taylor, and Ian How do environmental factors and health affect an offspring???   Environmental factors do affect off-springs....

Many studies have investigated the relationship between medically assisted reproduction (MAR) and health outcomes, particularly cancer, in the offspring. This meta-analysis investigated the association between MAR and childhood cancer. Data sources were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up until June 2018. From the selected studies, we extracted the cancer risk estimates of the exposure of interest (MAR, assisted reproductive technology—ART, and in fitro fertilization—IVF). We conducted the meta-analysis using a random effects model. The outcomes of interest were childhood cancers, classified according to the international classification of childhood cancer (ICCC-3). In our meta-analysis (18 cohort and 15 case-control studies) the overall cancer risk was significantly increased in children conceived by MAR, ART, or IVF. MAR and ART significantly increased the risk for hematological tumors, hepatic tumors, and sarcomas (odds ratio (OR) 1.54; 95% CI 1.18–2.02 and OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.34–2.74, respectively). MAR increased acute myeloid leukemia risk (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.02–1.95) and ART increased neural cancer risk (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.01–1.46). Our results suggest an increased risk of cancer in children conceived by MAR. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of fertility treatments, parental subfertility status, and their association on health outcomes in the offspring.

Children fathered by older dads are almost twice as likely to die before adulthood as children born to 20-something fathers, according to a major new study. The report appears in the European Journal of Epidemiology and was written up Sunday...

According to scientists, rates of conditions such as autism and schizophrenia could be a result of the rising age of fatherhood

Ethics of Designer Babies

An experimental study from researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania links a specific procedure - embryo culture - that is part of the assisted reproduction process (ART) to placental abnormalities, risk for preeclampsia, and abnormal fetal growth.