****!!!!***!!!*** (2017) {Includes CD bond specs for liquid & gas phases.} ***Disinfection using such low-concentration ClO2 gas does not require evacuation of people, and could be used to disinfect room air in the simultaneous presence of people.*** It is demonstrated that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas of extremely low concentrations that have no toxic effect to animals has strong anti-microbial activity against infectious microbes, such as bacteria and viruses... The use of ClO2 gas at very low concentrations may open new avenue of disinfection systems of room air without requiring evacuation of people. This review presents the details of the disinfection system of ClO2 gas." "The use of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas is also useful in prevention of mosquito-related infective diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, given that this concentration of ClO2 gas has a repellent effect against mosquitoes" "rats exposed to 0.1 ppm ClO2 gas for 24 h/day and 7 days/week for a period of 6 months were completely healthy " "rate of killing increases along with the increase in relative humidity. "

****!!!!!***** Using a methodology that can maintain low chlorine dioxide concentration in air even under high humidity, examined the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus inactivation at a very low gas concentration. It was shown that chlorine dioxide at less than 0.02-0.03 ppm has an ability to inactivate airborne influenza virus under 50% and 70% RH conditions. However, from a viewpoint of infection control, these researchers believed it is a minor effect which is merely additional to the major effect by the humidity itself, when considering the actual load of viruses released from an influenza patient in a room space and still active after certain time. Low concentrations of chlorine dioxide also make much less difference under 30% relative humidity levels common in winter." Original paper https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Inactivation-of-Airborne-Influenza-Virus-Using-Low-Nishimura-Hayashi/3cc74aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3cc7/4aad740dc6e036e76a3e4fdaee02a159a309.pdf

******!!!!****!!!!****!!!*** 2012. {Note: Click "Download full text" and wait. Full text file will download to your computer} "More than half of the ClO2 gas decomposed indoors." Gaseous ClO2 is chemically dissociated by light with wavelengths between 350 nm and 475 nm. They reported that the dominant (96%) dissociation products were ClO and O (atomic oxygen). It is important to take into account whether these dissociation products are toxic to humans. Judging from the short lifetime of O (39 ns), the toxic effect of this chemical, if ever present, would be negligible... High air temperatures and light irradiation accelerated the decrease of ClO2 gas concentration; the latter had the greatest influence. A quicker decay of concentration and greater value of the reaction rate constant of ClO2 were found under irradiated conditions, especially when a UV lamp was used... ClO2 gas concentration was significantly reduced when an evaporative humidifier was employed due to adsorption and a chemical reaction between the gas and the filter in the humidifier. The results obtained from these experiments can be used to predict the indoor concentration of ClO2 gas" "it was concluded that indoor humidity does not affect the reaction of the ClO2 gas" "an aquarium... filled with 10 L(2.64 gal) water was set in the room" "indoor ClO2 gas levels were lower in the room where water was present because the gas dissolved in water" "Ogata and Shibata (2008) reported that ****!! ClO2 gas concentration in virus aerosols is theoretically 0.12 µM when the aerosols are in equilibrium with 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas !!****, based on their revealed Henry’s equilibrium gas constant k = 3.9 × 10−5 mol 1−1 Pa−1. The present experiment showed higher concentrations of ClO2 in the water"